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Part 1: From the Cradle of Christianity

January 13, 2020

1:00:04

Journey with us to the birthplace of Christianity, Jerusalem, in Part 1 of Inexplicable: How Christianity Spread to the Ends of the Earth. The series is narrated by Golden Globe ® nominee Dennis Haysbert.

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Part 1: From the Cradle of Christianity

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- DENNIS HAYSBERT: IT HAD
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BEEN 40 DAYS SINCE JESUS
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WAS CRUCIFIED.
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ACCORDING TO THE GOSPELS,
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WHEN JESUS ROSE FROM THE
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GRAVE, HE SHOWED HIMSELF
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FIRST TO THE WOMEN WHO HAD
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VISITED HIS TOMB, AND THEN
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TO THE DIFFERENT GROUPS OF
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HIS DISCIPLES OVER TIME.
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NOW HE WAS LEADING THEM UP
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THE MOUNT OF OLIVES.
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THEREFORE, WHEN THEY HAD
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COME TOGETHER, THEY ASKED
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HIM, SAYING, "WILL YOU AT
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THIS TIME RESTORE THE
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- DENNIS: AND HE SAID TO
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THEM, "IT IS NOT FOR YOU
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TO KNOW THE TIME OR THE
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SEASONS WHICH THE FATHER
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HAS PUT IN HIS OWN
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AUTHORITY, BUT YOU SHALL
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RECEIVE POWER WHEN THE
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HOLY SPIRIT HAS COME UPON
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YOU, AND YOU SHALL BE
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WITNESSES TO ME IN
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JERUSALEM AND ALL JUDEA
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AND SAMARIA, AND TO THE
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NOW, WHEN HE HAD SPOKEN THESE
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THINGS, WHILE THEY
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- DENNIS: AND A CLOUD
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RECEIVED HIM OUT OF THEIR
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- DENNIS: WITHIN THE NEXT
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100 YEARS, THE NEW
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TESTAMENT WOULD BE
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WRITTEN, A SMALL
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COLLECTION OF BOOKS THAT
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WOULD FOREVER ALTER THE
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COURSE OF HUMAN HISTORY,
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AND CENTURY BY CENTURY,
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CHRISTIANITY WOULD BECOME,
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AS THE PEW RESEARCH
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CENTER CONCLUDED IN 2012,
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"THE ONLY RELIGION IN THE
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WORLD WITH A MAJOR
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PRESENCE ON EVERY
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CONTINENT."
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HOW DID THIS HAPPEN?
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I'M DENNIS HAYSBERT.
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AND IN THIS DOCUMENTARY
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SERIES, WE ARE GOING TO
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EXPLORE THAT VERY QUESTION.
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WELCOME TO "INEXPLICABLE:
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HOW CHRISTIANITY SPREAD
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- JERRY PATTENGALE: IF
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YOU THINK OF THE APOSTLES,
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WHAT THEY HAD WITNESSED,
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THERE WAS EVERY REASON TO
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THINK THAT SOMETHING
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RADICAL WAS GOING TO
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HAPPEN POLITICALLY.
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THEY WERE UNDER ROMAN
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OPPRESSION.
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JESUS, HE'S RISEN FROM THE
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DEAD.
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SO IT'S ONLY NATURAL THAT
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THEY WOULD'VE THOUGHT THAT
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THERE WOULD BE A KINGDOM
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- JERRY: AND SO, INSTEAD
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OF ESTABLISHING A KINGDOM,
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- DENNIS: BEFORE JESUS
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HAD ASCENDED TO HEAVEN, HE
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COMMANDED HIS DISCIPLES
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NOT TO DEPART FROM
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JERUSALEM, BUT TO WAIT FOR
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THE PROMISE OF THE FATHER,
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WHICH HE SAID,
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"YOU HAVE HEARD FROM ME,
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FOR JOHN TRULY BAPTIZED
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WITH WATER,
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BUT YOU SHALL BE BAPTIZED
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WITH THE HOLY SPIRIT,
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- JERRY: PENTECOST
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LITERALLY MEANS 50TH.
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IT'S THE 50TH DAY AFTER
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PASSOVER AND THE FIRST
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HARVEST, AND PASSOVER
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COMES OUT OF THE BOOKS IN
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THE OLD TESTAMENT,
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ESPECIALLY EXODUS, WHERE
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IT'S THE TENTH AND FINAL
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PLAGUE, AND THEY ARE
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PASSED OVER, AND THE
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OLDEST BORN IS NOT KILLED.
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PENTECOST WAS A
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BUSTLING TIME.
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THE BIBLE RECORDS, YOU
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KNOW, THE VARIOUS
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COUNTRIES.
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THERE'S A LITANY OF
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COUNTRIES WHERE THEY'RE
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FROM, YOU KNOW, THE
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PARTHIANS AND THE
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ELAMITES, YOU HAVE PEOPLE
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FROM ASIA, YOU HAVE THE
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CRETANS, MANY OF THEM
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SPEAKING DIFFERENT
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LANGUAGES, AND THEY
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CERTAINLY WOULD'VE BEEN
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FAMILIAR WITH THE FACT
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THAT THERE WERE THREE
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CRIMINALS CRUCIFIED.
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MANY OF THEM WOULD'VE
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CAUGHT WIND.
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IT'S BEEN RUMORED,
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"JESUS, HE'S MISSING.
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HE'S NO LONGER IN THE TOMB."
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AND THERE'S A BIG SCANDAL,
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OR PEOPLE SAID THAT THEY'VE
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SEEN HIM, AND IT WAS
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THE JUICIEST STORY
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FOR THEM WHETHER THEY
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- DENNIS: WHEN THE DAY OF
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PENTECOST HAD FULLY COME,
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THEY WERE ALL WITH ONE
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ACCORD IN ONE PLACE.
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AND SUDDENLY THERE CAME A
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SOUND FROM HEAVEN, AS A
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RUSHING MIGHTY WIND, AND
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IT FILLED THE WHOLE HOUSE
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WHERE THEY WERE SITTING.
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THEN THERE APPEARED TO
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THEM DIVIDED TONGUES, AS A
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FIRE, AND ONE SAT UPON
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EACH OF THEM.
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THEY WERE ALL FILLED WITH
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THE HOLY SPIRIT AND BEGAN
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TO SPEAK WITH OTHER
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TONGUES, AS THE SPIRIT
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GAVE THEM UTTERANCE.
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AND THERE WERE DWELLING IN
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JERUSALEM JEWS, DEVOUT
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MEN, FROM EVERY NATION
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UNDER HEAVEN.
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AND WHEN THIS SOUND
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OCCURRED, THE MULTITUDE
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CAME TOGETHER, AND WERE
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CONFUSED, BECAUSE EVERYONE
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HEARD THEM SPEAK IN HIS
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OWN LANGUAGE.
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THEN THEY WERE ALL AMAZED
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AND MARVELED, SAYING TO
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ONE ANOTHER, "LOOK, ARE
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NOT ALL THESE WHO
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SPEAK GALILEANS?
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AND HOW IS IT THAT EACH OF
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US HEARS OUR OWN LANGUAGE
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IN WHICH WE WERE BORN?"
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- JUSTO L. GONZALEZ:
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PENTECOST, ááGOD, ááTHE
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ááSPIRIT,
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WANTED TO DO WAS TO MAKE
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EVERYBODY UNDERSTAND.
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THE SPIRIT HAVE TWO
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CHOICES: ONE CHOICE WOULD
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BE TO MAKE EVERYBODY
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UNDERSTAND THE LANGUAGE OF
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THE APOSTLES.
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THE OTHER CHOICE WAS TO
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HAVE EVERYBODY UNDERSTAND
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- JUSTO: AND THE SPIRIT
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CHOOSES THE SECOND ONE,
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AND I THINK THAT'S NORMAL
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THING FOR CHRISTIANITY
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BECAUSE PART OF WHAT
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HAPPENS IS THAT FROM THE
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VERY BEGINNING,
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CHRISTIANITY HAS BEEN
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TRANSLATABLE.
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WHEN I HAVE A BIBLE IN
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SPANISH, I DON'T SAY TO
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MYSELF, "THIS IS
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TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE."
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WELL, THERE'S SOMETHING ABOUT
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IT THAT MAKES IT ADAPTABLE
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TO DIFFERENT CULTURES.
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- DENNIS: THE REST OF
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ACTS CHAPTER 2, REPORTS
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HOW PETER SPOKE BOLDLY TO
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THE CROWD IN THE FIRST
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PUBLIC PROCLAMATION OF THE
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GOSPEL AND THAT 3.000
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SOULS WERE ADDED TO
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JESUS'S FOLLOWERS THAT DAY.
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- DIARMAID MACCULLOCH:
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THEY FOUND SOMETHING
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EXTRAORDINARY AND NEW,
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WHICH WAS THAT PROPHECIES
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WHICH THE JEWS AMONG THEM
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HAD HEARD FROM CHILDHOOD
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HAD NOW BEEN FULFILLED IN
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A TOTALLY UNEXPECTED WAY
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IN A PERSON WHO HAD LEFT
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SAYINGS WHICH THEY WOULD
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SPREAD THROUGH THE REST OF
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THE WORLD, AND SO QUICKLY,
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THEY GOT THE SENSE THAT
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THIS WAS NOT JUST A
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MESSAGE FOR THEIR JEWISH PAST.
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IT WAS A MESSAGE FOR ALL
00:08:05.210 --> 00:08:06.120
PEOPLE ANYWHERE.
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[MUSIC]
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- JERRY: JUST AS THE
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UPPER ROOM AND THE
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OUTPOURING OF THE HOLY
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SPIRIT SIGNIFIES A MAJOR
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MOMENT IN THE SPREAD OF
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CHRISTIANITY, SO DOES PETER,
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GOING TO THE HOUSE OF CORNELIUS,
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A NON-JEWISH FAMILY.
00:08:22.090 --> 00:08:25.090
THAT WAS FORBIDDEN IN
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JEWISH PRACTICE.
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NOT ONLY DID THEY BELIEVE
00:08:29.280 --> 00:08:30.280
IN THE FIRST GENTILE
00:08:30.280 --> 00:08:33.030
CONVERTS WE KNOW OF,
00:08:33.030 --> 00:08:34.050
THERE MAY BEEN OTHERS.
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IT WAS THE FIRST RECORDED.
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WHEN HE'S WITH THE
00:08:39.140 --> 00:08:41.120
DISCIPLES AGAIN,
00:08:41.120 --> 00:08:42.130
SOME THINK THAT HE BLEW IT,
00:08:42.130 --> 00:08:43.030
HE WENT OFF THE RAILS A
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BIT-- WERE QUESTIONING IT,
00:08:45.260 --> 00:08:48.260
AND SO YOU SEE THIS TENSION.
00:08:48.260 --> 00:08:51.030
[MUSIC]
00:08:51.030 --> 00:08:53.160
- JERRY: UP UNTIL THIS
00:08:53.160 --> 00:08:54.040
POINT, ONLY JEWS COULD
00:08:54.040 --> 00:08:55.040
BECOME CHRISTIANS.
00:08:55.150 --> 00:08:58.150
[MUSIC]
00:08:58.150 --> 00:09:00.150
- NARRATOR AS PETER:
00:09:00.150 --> 00:09:02.090
"AS I BEGAN TO SPEAK, THE
00:09:02.090 --> 00:09:03.050
HOLY SPIRIT FELL ON THEM,
00:09:03.050 --> 00:09:05.110
JUST AS ON US, AT THE
00:09:05.110 --> 00:09:06.010
BEGINNING."
00:09:06.070 --> 00:09:09.070
"AND I REMEMBERED THE WORD OF
00:09:09.070 --> 00:09:10.010
THE LORD, HOW HE SAID,
00:09:10.010 --> 00:09:11.050
'JOHN BAPTIZED WITH WATER,
00:09:11.050 --> 00:09:12.240
BUT YOU WILL BE BAPTIZED
00:09:12.240 --> 00:09:14.200
WITH THE HOLY SPIRIT.'
00:09:15.040 --> 00:09:18.040
IF THEN GOD GAVE THE SAME
00:09:18.040 --> 00:09:19.090
GIFT TO THEM AS HE GAVE TO
00:09:19.090 --> 00:09:21.050
US WHEN WE BELIEVED IN THE
00:09:21.050 --> 00:09:22.110
LORD JESUS CHRIST, WHO WAS
00:09:22.110 --> 00:09:23.220
I, THAT I COULD STAND IN
00:09:23.220 --> 00:09:25.040
- JERRY: AROUND A.D. 49-50,
00:09:38.090 --> 00:09:39.270
WE KNOW THERE'S A GATHERING
00:09:39.270 --> 00:09:41.040
IN JERUSALEM ABOUT WHAT
00:09:41.040 --> 00:09:42.110
GENTILE CONVERTS
00:09:42.110 --> 00:09:43.170
NEED TO DO.
00:09:43.170 --> 00:09:45.020
JAMES SUMS IT UP, IF YOU
00:09:45.020 --> 00:09:46.070
WILL, TO SAY THAT GENTILE
00:09:46.070 --> 00:09:47.260
CONVERTS DON'T NEED TO GO
00:09:47.260 --> 00:09:49.010
THROUGH ALL THE RITUALS OF
00:09:49.010 --> 00:09:51.000
THE JEWS.
00:09:51.000 --> 00:09:53.090
- JUSTO: I THINK JESUS
00:09:53.090 --> 00:09:53.270
ALWAYS SHOWED COMPASSION
00:09:53.270 --> 00:09:55.000
FOR ALL, BUT ESPECIALLY
00:09:55.120 --> 00:09:58.120
FOR THOSE PEOPLE THAT
00:09:58.120 --> 00:09:59.090
NOBODY CARED FOR.
00:09:59.090 --> 00:10:00.200
- CATHERINE GUNSALUS
00:10:00.200 --> 00:10:01.250
GONZALEZ: I THINK IT WAS
00:10:01.250 --> 00:10:02.130
ALONG WITH HIS INCLUSION
00:10:02.130 --> 00:10:03.150
OF OTHERS, SEEING PEOPLE
00:10:03.150 --> 00:10:04.030
THAT THE REST OF SOCIETY
00:10:04.030 --> 00:10:05.050
DID NOT SEE AS FULLY
00:10:05.050 --> 00:10:06.080
HUMAN, SEEING THEM AS
00:10:06.080 --> 00:10:07.190
FULLY HUMAN, WHETHER IT
00:10:07.190 --> 00:10:09.070
WAS LEPERS, WHETHER IT WAS
00:10:09.070 --> 00:10:11.050
THE BLIND, WHETHER IT WAS
00:10:11.050 --> 00:10:12.190
CHILDREN, AND,
00:10:12.190 --> 00:10:14.030
UNFORTUNATELY, WOMEN FELL
00:10:14.030 --> 00:10:14.250
IN THAT CATEGORY.
00:10:14.250 --> 00:10:16.090
WHAT PEOPLE HAVE DONE
00:10:16.090 --> 00:10:18.180
ABOUT STATISTICS IN THE
00:10:18.180 --> 00:10:19.160
EARLY CHURCH IS PROBABLY
00:10:19.160 --> 00:10:21.010
- JUSTO: WE HAVE NOT
00:10:26.030 --> 00:10:26.290
LEARNED HOW TO SEE WHAT
00:10:26.290 --> 00:10:27.240
THE GOSPEL SAY ABOUT WOMEN
00:10:27.240 --> 00:10:28.190
UNTIL VERY RECENTLY
00:10:28.190 --> 00:10:29.130
BECAUSE MOST
00:10:29.130 --> 00:10:31.180
INTERPRETATION WAS ALL BY
00:10:31.180 --> 00:10:32.240
MEN, AND THAT'S WHY THE
00:10:32.240 --> 00:10:34.100
CHILDREN ARE SO IMPORTANT.
00:10:34.100 --> 00:10:35.100
WE TEND TO THINK THAT THE
00:10:35.100 --> 00:10:36.140
CHILDREN AREN'T
00:10:36.140 --> 00:10:37.030
IMPORTANT IN THE GOSPELS
00:10:37.030 --> 00:10:37.280
BECAUSE THEY'RE LITTLE--
00:10:37.280 --> 00:10:39.200
YOU KNOW, THEY'RE SO CUTE.
00:10:39.200 --> 00:10:40.190
AND SO, NO, IT'S BECAUSE
00:10:40.190 --> 00:10:41.120
THEY'RE CONSIDERED NOBODY.
00:10:41.120 --> 00:10:42.190
AND THE SAME THING
00:10:42.190 --> 00:10:45.020
- CATHERINE: IN THE EARLY
00:10:49.130 --> 00:10:50.020
CHURCH, SO MUCH OF MISSION
00:10:50.020 --> 00:10:51.110
WAS IN THE LIFESTYLE.
00:10:51.110 --> 00:10:54.050
IT WAS THE SENSE OF
00:10:54.050 --> 00:10:56.020
SECURITY AND JOY IN PEOPLE
00:10:56.020 --> 00:10:56.210
THAT YOU DIDN'T EXPECT
00:10:56.210 --> 00:10:57.210
THAT, THEN, SOMEONE COULD
00:10:57.210 --> 00:10:58.150
SAY, "I WANT WHAT YOU
00:10:58.150 --> 00:11:00.090
HAVE, SO HOW DO I GET IT?"
00:11:00.090 --> 00:11:02.150
IT'S THAT KIND OF MISSION
00:11:02.150 --> 00:11:03.250
WHICH IS PEOPLE ASKING YOU
00:11:03.250 --> 00:11:05.230
ABOUT CHRISTIANITY, AND I
00:11:05.230 --> 00:11:07.020
THINK THAT'S WHAT HELPED
00:11:07.030 --> 00:11:10.030
THE EARLY CHURCH GROW RAPIDLY.
00:11:10.160 --> 00:11:13.160
- JERRY: FOR MANY OF THE
00:11:13.160 --> 00:11:14.100
CHRISTIANS, THEY WOULD ALL
00:11:14.100 --> 00:11:15.080
GATHER SOMEPLACE EACH
00:11:15.080 --> 00:11:15.260
MORNING AND HAVE
00:11:15.260 --> 00:11:16.250
COMMUNION, SO IT WAS IN
00:11:16.250 --> 00:11:18.140
DIFFERENT HOUSES.
00:11:19.280 --> 00:11:22.280
- JUSTO: WHEN YOU'RE
00:11:22.280 --> 00:11:23.150
TALKING ABOUT JESUS BEING
00:11:23.150 --> 00:11:24.110
INCLUSIVE, I THINK WE ALSO HAVE
00:11:24.110 --> 00:11:26.060
TO TALK ABOUT THE FINAL
00:11:26.060 --> 00:11:27.040
INCLUSIVITY OF HIS LAST
00:11:27.040 --> 00:11:28.140
MESSAGE FOR THE DISCIPLES,
00:11:28.140 --> 00:11:30.070
"GO YE THEREFORE," BUT
00:11:30.070 --> 00:11:32.010
"THEREFORE" REQUIRES
00:11:32.010 --> 00:11:33.000
SOMETHING BEFORE THAT.
00:11:33.000 --> 00:11:35.040
AND HE SAYS, "ALL POWER IS
00:11:35.040 --> 00:11:36.060
GIVEN TO ME IN HEAVEN AND
00:11:36.060 --> 00:11:37.110
OF EARTH," WHICH MEANS
00:11:37.110 --> 00:11:39.110
JESUS IS NOT TELLING THE
00:11:39.110 --> 00:11:40.280
DISCIPLES,
00:11:40.280 --> 00:11:42.140
"GO AND TAKE ME PLACES."
00:11:42.140 --> 00:11:43.280
JESUS IS TELLING
00:11:43.280 --> 00:11:45.010
THE DISCIPLES,
00:11:45.010 --> 00:11:46.110
"I'M ALREADY THERE, SO GO AND
00:11:46.110 --> 00:11:47.130
- DIARMAID: IN THE BOOK
00:12:01.150 --> 00:12:02.030
OF ACTS OF THE APOSTLES,
00:12:02.030 --> 00:12:02.270
PHILIP HAS AN ENCOUNTER
00:12:02.270 --> 00:12:03.150
WITH AN ETHIOPIAN EUNUCH.
00:12:03.150 --> 00:12:04.260
HE WAS THE MOST EXOTIC
00:12:04.260 --> 00:12:06.210
PERSON A JEW COULD
00:12:06.210 --> 00:12:09.170
CONCEIVE OF, AND HERE IS A
00:12:09.170 --> 00:12:11.270
CONVERSATION BETWEEN ONE
00:12:11.270 --> 00:12:14.010
OF THE VERY FIRST APOSTLES
00:12:14.010 --> 00:12:15.010
AND THIS FIGURE WHO IS
00:12:15.010 --> 00:12:16.230
FULL OF CURIOSITY.
00:12:16.230 --> 00:12:18.120
SOMEHOW, HE HAS PICKED UP
00:12:18.120 --> 00:12:20.200
THE HEBREW SCRIPTURES,
00:12:20.200 --> 00:12:22.040
WHICH HAVE PROPHECIES IN THEM.
00:12:22.110 --> 00:12:25.110
HE TALKS TO THE STRANGER,
00:12:25.110 --> 00:12:26.180
AND THE REST IS HISTORY.
00:12:26.180 --> 00:12:28.120
IT'S SET TO DIRECTION.
00:12:28.120 --> 00:12:30.110
HERE WAS A MESSAGE FOR THE
00:12:30.110 --> 00:12:31.150
- JOYCE FRANCOIS: QUITE
00:12:36.080 --> 00:12:36.260
BIBLICALLY, THE GREAT
00:12:36.260 --> 00:12:38.100
ETHIOPIAN EUNUCH IN THE
00:12:38.100 --> 00:12:39.080
NEW TESTAMENT, PUSHED
00:12:39.080 --> 00:12:40.080
CHRISTIANITY INTO NORTH
00:12:40.080 --> 00:12:41.240
AFRICA BEFORE PAUL STARTED
00:12:41.240 --> 00:12:43.070
- JOYCE: I WOULD TAKE THAT
00:12:50.220 --> 00:12:51.140
- JOYCE: NORTH OF AFRICA
00:12:55.080 --> 00:12:55.270
HAD CHRISTIANITY.
00:12:55.270 --> 00:12:56.180
IN FACT, THE GREAT
00:12:56.180 --> 00:12:57.040
CHRISTIAN SCHOLARS,
00:12:57.040 --> 00:12:57.290
ORIGEN, TERTULLIAN,
00:12:57.290 --> 00:12:58.230
CLEMENT, THEY WERE ALL
00:12:58.230 --> 00:12:59.130
- DIARMAID: THESE PEOPLE
00:13:05.160 --> 00:13:06.050
WHO WERE TRADERS WHO MOVED
00:13:06.050 --> 00:13:07.260
NATURALLY ALONG TRADE
00:13:07.260 --> 00:13:09.170
ROUTES-- AND THAT'S
00:13:09.170 --> 00:13:10.190
CLEARLY TRUE IN THE EARLY
00:13:10.190 --> 00:13:12.170
CHURCH IN ETHIOPIA BECAUSE
00:13:12.170 --> 00:13:13.280
ITS CHRISTIANITY IS REALLY
00:13:13.280 --> 00:13:15.060
FROM ACROSS THE RED SEA.
00:13:16.020 --> 00:13:19.020
IT'S NOT FROM THE NORTH.
00:13:19.020 --> 00:13:19.270
IT'S FROM SYRIAC SOURCES,
00:13:19.270 --> 00:13:22.260
ARAB SOURCES.
00:13:22.260 --> 00:13:24.210
YOU CAN SEE THE TRADE
00:13:24.210 --> 00:13:25.130
ROUTES ALREADY THERE.
00:13:25.130 --> 00:13:26.250
YOU CAN SEE IT IN THE
00:13:26.250 --> 00:13:27.120
DISTRIBUTION OF COINS,
00:13:27.120 --> 00:13:28.180
- MICHAEL HOLMES:
00:13:33.140 --> 00:13:34.100
LITERACY IS FAIRLY LOW,
00:13:34.100 --> 00:13:35.100
AND SO INFORMATION SPREAD
00:13:35.100 --> 00:13:36.090
ORALLY.
00:13:36.090 --> 00:13:38.150
THERE'S EVIDENCE OF THE
00:13:38.150 --> 00:13:39.070
GOSPEL REACHING INDIA.
00:13:39.070 --> 00:13:41.030
THERE'S EVIDENCE OF THE
00:13:41.030 --> 00:13:41.270
GOSPEL FOLLOWING A SILK
00:13:41.270 --> 00:13:43.130
ROAD, ALL THE WAY TO
00:13:43.130 --> 00:13:44.060
WESTERN CHINA, BUT WE HAVE
00:13:44.060 --> 00:13:45.090
THE EVIDENCE OF WHERE IT
00:13:45.090 --> 00:13:46.120
REACHED WITHOUT HAVING
00:13:46.120 --> 00:13:47.270
MUCH ABOUT THE EVIDENCE OF
00:13:47.270 --> 00:13:49.230
HOW OR WHERE IT STARTED OR
00:13:49.230 --> 00:13:51.210
HOW IT MOVED ALONG THE WAY.
00:13:51.210 --> 00:13:53.030
[MUSIC]
00:13:53.110 --> 00:13:56.110
- JONATHAN KIRKPATRICK:
00:13:56.110 --> 00:13:56.290
WE KNOW MOST ABOUT PAUL'S
00:13:56.290 --> 00:13:57.270
MISSION.
00:13:57.270 --> 00:13:58.270
WE KNOW HE WAS EXTREMELY
00:13:58.270 --> 00:13:59.260
PERSUASIVE.
00:13:59.260 --> 00:14:01.200
HE WAS A MAN WHO WAS A
00:14:01.200 --> 00:14:02.170
CONVERT, SO HE PERSECUTED
00:14:02.170 --> 00:14:04.080
THE FLEDGLING CHRISTIAN
00:14:04.080 --> 00:14:06.100
FAITH, AND HE'D HAD A
00:14:06.100 --> 00:14:07.010
GREAT CHANGE OF MIND, AND
00:14:07.010 --> 00:14:08.280
OFTEN PEOPLE LIKE THAT ARE
00:14:08.280 --> 00:14:09.240
THE MOST CONVINCING.
00:14:09.240 --> 00:14:10.280
HE TRAVELED GREATLY.
00:14:10.280 --> 00:14:13.140
WE'VE GOT TO REMEMBER THAT
00:14:13.140 --> 00:14:14.090
PALESTINE WAS IN THE
00:14:14.090 --> 00:14:15.040
CONTEXT OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.
00:14:15.040 --> 00:14:16.160
PEOPLE WERE MOVING
00:14:16.160 --> 00:14:18.030
THROUGHOUT THE ROMAN EMPIRE.
00:14:18.030 --> 00:14:19.060
THE JEWS, FOR SEVERAL
00:14:19.060 --> 00:14:20.090
CENTURIES, HAD BEEN MOVING
00:14:20.090 --> 00:14:21.040
ALL OVER.
00:14:21.040 --> 00:14:22.200
THERE WAS A COMMUNITY OF
00:14:22.200 --> 00:14:23.090
JEWS IN ROME.
00:14:23.090 --> 00:14:24.060
THERE WAS A BIG COMMUNITY
00:14:24.060 --> 00:14:25.090
OF JEWS IN ALEXANDRIA, AND
00:14:25.090 --> 00:14:26.250
PAUL WAS LATCHING ON TO
00:14:26.250 --> 00:14:28.050
THAT NETWORK WHEN HE TRAVELED.
00:14:28.050 --> 00:14:30.030
HE WOULD GO TO THE
00:14:30.030 --> 00:14:33.020
- MICHAEL: CHRISTIANITY
00:14:40.100 --> 00:14:40.280
EMERGED FROM JUDAISM.
00:14:40.280 --> 00:14:41.280
IT WAS BORN WITH
00:14:41.280 --> 00:14:43.010
SCRIPTURES, THE JEWISH
00:14:43.010 --> 00:14:43.200
SCRIPTURES, AS ITS SACRED
00:14:43.200 --> 00:14:45.150
WRITINGS, AND THEY READ
00:14:45.150 --> 00:14:47.220
THEM AS PART OF THEIR SERVICES.
00:14:47.220 --> 00:14:48.260
HE ALSO TOLD THE STORY
00:14:48.260 --> 00:14:50.160
OF JESUS.
00:14:50.160 --> 00:14:53.020
EVENTUALLY, THOSE STORIES
00:14:53.020 --> 00:14:53.260
ABOUT JESUS GOT WRITTEN
00:14:53.260 --> 00:14:55.000
DOWN IN GOSPELS, WRITTEN
00:14:55.000 --> 00:14:56.050
BOOKS THAT GOT READ EVERY
00:14:56.050 --> 00:14:57.170
SUNDAY, JUST LIKE THE
00:14:57.170 --> 00:14:58.250
JEWISH SCRIPTURES.
00:14:58.250 --> 00:15:00.260
YOU ALSO HAD LETTERS FROM
00:15:00.260 --> 00:15:01.260
EARLY CHRISTIAN LEADERS
00:15:01.260 --> 00:15:03.050
LIKE PAUL OR PETER OR
00:15:03.050 --> 00:15:04.180
JOHN, AND YOU HAD THOSE IN
00:15:04.180 --> 00:15:07.120
WRITTEN FORM, AND THEY GOT
00:15:07.120 --> 00:15:08.220
READ IN THE SERVICES LIKE
00:15:08.220 --> 00:15:10.020
- JONATHAN: ONE THING TO
00:15:15.270 --> 00:15:16.180
SAY ABOUT PAGAN RELIGION,
00:15:16.180 --> 00:15:17.280
AS WE CALL IT AT THIS
00:15:17.280 --> 00:15:19.040
TIME, IS THAT IT WAS OFTEN
00:15:19.040 --> 00:15:20.110
VERY LOCAL, SO THERE WAS A
00:15:20.110 --> 00:15:21.190
STRONG SENSE OF ETHNIC
00:15:21.190 --> 00:15:23.130
IDENTITY WHERE PEOPLE FROM
00:15:23.130 --> 00:15:24.210
A PARTICULAR TOWN OR A
00:15:24.210 --> 00:15:25.220
PARTICULAR REGION WOULD
00:15:25.220 --> 00:15:27.070
HAVE THEIR OWN PARTICULAR
00:15:27.070 --> 00:15:28.030
GODS, AND I THINK PEOPLE
00:15:28.030 --> 00:15:30.050
WHO'D MOVED AROUND THE
00:15:30.050 --> 00:15:31.100
ROMAN EMPIRE MAY WELL HAVE
00:15:31.100 --> 00:15:33.030
FELT DISLOCATED.
00:15:33.030 --> 00:15:34.110
THEY WOULDN'T NECESSARILY
00:15:34.110 --> 00:15:35.060
BE ATTACHED TO THE LOCAL
00:15:35.060 --> 00:15:36.290
RELIGIOUS TRADITION, AND
00:15:36.290 --> 00:15:38.010
CHRISTIANITY PROVIDED A
00:15:38.010 --> 00:15:39.130
SENSE OF ALLEGIANCE TO A
00:15:39.130 --> 00:15:41.190
GOD WHO IS UNIVERSAL.
00:15:41.190 --> 00:15:42.290
HE WASN'T THE GOD JUST OF
00:15:42.290 --> 00:15:44.260
EPHESUS OR THE GOD JUST OF
00:15:44.260 --> 00:15:46.080
CORINTH, OR THE GOD JUST
00:15:46.080 --> 00:15:47.280
OF ALEXANDRIA.
00:15:47.280 --> 00:15:48.250
WHEN PAUL WENT AROUND, HE
00:15:48.250 --> 00:15:50.150
WAS ABLE TO SAY THAT THE
00:15:50.150 --> 00:15:51.270
GOD HE WAS PREACHING WAS A
00:15:51.270 --> 00:15:53.160
CREATOR GOD, A SAVIOR GOD,
00:15:53.160 --> 00:15:55.260
A RULER GOD THROUGHOUT THE
00:15:55.260 --> 00:15:57.280
WORLD, AND THAT WAS A
00:15:57.280 --> 00:15:59.030
MESSAGE THAT CLEARLY FOUND
00:15:59.030 --> 00:16:00.040
AN AUDIENCE.
00:16:00.040 --> 00:16:03.000
[MUSIC]
00:16:03.030 --> 00:16:06.030
- DAVID L. RIGGS: PAUL, WHEN
00:16:06.030 --> 00:16:07.040
HE IS WRITING ABOUT GRACE
00:16:07.040 --> 00:16:09.100
IN EVERYDAY LIFE WAS
00:16:09.100 --> 00:16:10.110
VERY COMMON.
00:16:10.110 --> 00:16:11.240
IT WAS ONE THAT PEOPLE
00:16:11.240 --> 00:16:13.020
USED TO DESCRIBE THE
00:16:13.020 --> 00:16:14.030
RELATIONSHIPS THAT PEOPLE
00:16:14.030 --> 00:16:15.120
HAD WITH THEIR PATRONS,
00:16:15.120 --> 00:16:16.190
A FAVOR THAT THAT
00:16:16.190 --> 00:16:18.150
PATRON BESTOWED.
00:16:18.150 --> 00:16:20.120
THE CLIENT THEN WOULD
00:16:20.120 --> 00:16:23.040
RECIPROCATE BY FINDING
00:16:23.040 --> 00:16:24.050
WAYS TO EXPRESS GRATITUDE.
00:16:24.050 --> 00:16:25.280
SO WHEN YOU HAVE PAUL
00:16:25.280 --> 00:16:26.150
USING THIS TERM, AND THEN
00:16:26.150 --> 00:16:27.100
YOU HAVE CHRISTIANS LIKE
00:16:27.100 --> 00:16:28.210
TERTULLIAN AND CYPRIAN AND
00:16:28.210 --> 00:16:29.160
OTHERS IN NORTH AFRICA,
00:16:29.160 --> 00:16:31.160
TAKING UP THIS CONCEPT,
00:16:31.160 --> 00:16:32.150
IT'S ONE THAT THEY'RE
00:16:32.150 --> 00:16:33.180
GIVING A PARTICULAR
00:16:33.180 --> 00:16:34.290
CHRISTIAN COMPLEXION TO,
00:16:34.290 --> 00:16:36.220
STARTING WITH CREATION.
00:16:36.220 --> 00:16:38.060
SO GOD CREATES AS THIS
00:16:38.060 --> 00:16:39.220
INVITATION, AS THIS GIFT
00:16:39.220 --> 00:16:41.290
THAT INVITES US INTO THIS
00:16:41.290 --> 00:16:44.030
GRACE RELATIONSHIP, AND
00:16:44.030 --> 00:16:45.270
THEN THEY SEE THE
00:16:45.270 --> 00:16:46.280
INCARNATION AND THE WORK
00:16:46.280 --> 00:16:48.000
OF CHRIST AS A WAY TO DRAW
00:16:48.000 --> 00:16:49.180
US BACK INTO THIS GRACE
00:16:49.180 --> 00:16:51.140
RELATIONSHIP, AND THEN
00:16:51.140 --> 00:16:53.120
THEY SEE PENTECOST AND THE
00:16:53.120 --> 00:16:54.030
OUTPOURING OF THE
00:16:54.030 --> 00:16:55.120
HOLY SPIRIT ON THE CHURCH AS
00:16:55.120 --> 00:16:57.290
FAVOR THAT'S POURED OUT ON
00:16:57.290 --> 00:16:59.220
THE COMMUNITY THAT MAKES
00:16:59.220 --> 00:17:00.240
IT A COMMUNITY OF GRACE
00:17:00.240 --> 00:17:02.080
THAT THEN MEANS THEY'RE
00:17:02.080 --> 00:17:03.290
EMPOWERED BY THE HOLY
00:17:03.290 --> 00:17:04.210
SPIRIT TO GIVE BACK.
00:17:04.210 --> 00:17:07.210
TO BE AN INGRATE, TO BE
00:17:07.210 --> 00:17:09.070
SOMEBODY THAT DID NOT
00:17:09.070 --> 00:17:10.020
RECIPROCATE GRACE, WAS ONE
00:17:10.020 --> 00:17:11.000
OF THE BIGGEST SINS
00:17:11.000 --> 00:17:12.030
ACCORDING TO SENECA IN THE
00:17:12.030 --> 00:17:13.150
ROMAN WORLD.
00:17:15.190 --> 00:17:18.190
- NARRATOR: "GOD GAVE US
00:17:18.190 --> 00:17:19.080
A SPIRIT NOT OF FEAR BUT
00:17:19.080 --> 00:17:20.190
OF POWER AND LOVE AND
00:17:20.190 --> 00:17:23.070
SELF-CONTROL.
00:17:24.040 --> 00:17:27.040
THEREFORE DO NOT BE
00:17:27.040 --> 00:17:28.010
ASHAMED OF THE TESTIMONY
00:17:28.010 --> 00:17:29.080
ABOUT OUR LORD, NOR OF ME
00:17:29.110 --> 00:17:32.110
HIS PRISONER, BUT SHARE IN
00:17:32.110 --> 00:17:33.120
THE SUFFERING FOR THE
00:17:33.120 --> 00:17:35.140
GOSPEL BY THE POWER OF
00:17:35.140 --> 00:17:38.130
GOD, WHO SAVED US AND
00:17:38.130 --> 00:17:40.210
CALLED US TO A HOLY
00:17:40.210 --> 00:17:42.250
CALLING, NOT BECAUSE OF
00:17:45.070 --> 00:17:48.070
OUR WORKS BUT BECAUSE OF
00:17:48.070 --> 00:17:49.060
HIS OWN PURPOSE AND GRACE,
00:17:49.060 --> 00:17:50.030
WHICH HE GAVE US IN CHRIST
00:17:50.030 --> 00:17:53.020
JESUS BEFORE THE AGES
00:17:53.020 --> 00:17:55.020
- STANLEY P. ROSENBERG:
00:18:03.010 --> 00:18:03.240
ROMAN POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
00:18:03.240 --> 00:18:04.130
TURNS ON THE NOTION OF THE
00:18:04.130 --> 00:18:05.020
"PAX DEORUM,"
00:18:05.020 --> 00:18:06.270
THE "PEACE OF THE GODS."
00:18:06.270 --> 00:18:07.150
CONSTANTLY IN ANCIENT WORLD,
00:18:07.150 --> 00:18:09.000
YOU'RE PLAYING OFF OF THE
00:18:09.000 --> 00:18:09.240
CAPRICE OF ONE GOD OFF ANOTHER,
00:18:09.240 --> 00:18:11.070
SO IT FLOODS.
00:18:11.070 --> 00:18:12.280
WHY IS IT FLOODED?
00:18:12.280 --> 00:18:14.030
WELL, PERHAPS YOU HAVE
00:18:14.030 --> 00:18:14.220
ANGERED THE GOD OF THE
00:18:14.220 --> 00:18:16.120
RAIN OR THE GOD OF THE RIVER.
00:18:16.120 --> 00:18:18.130
WHY HAVE YOU DONE THAT?
00:18:18.130 --> 00:18:20.050
WELL, PERHAPS YOU'VE GIVEN
00:18:20.050 --> 00:18:20.270
TOO MUCH ATTENTION TO THE
00:18:20.270 --> 00:18:21.180
GOD OF THE WHEAT.
00:18:21.180 --> 00:18:22.260
AND IF SOMETHING IS GOING
00:18:22.260 --> 00:18:23.280
WRONG, WELL, SOMEBODY IS
00:18:23.280 --> 00:18:25.180
NOT HONORING THE GODS
00:18:25.180 --> 00:18:26.250
CORRECTLY, AND THAT WAS
00:18:26.250 --> 00:18:28.050
PART OF THE BASIS FOR THE
00:18:28.050 --> 00:18:29.010
- DAVID: AND SO, IN A
00:18:32.220 --> 00:18:33.090
SENSE, THE BIGGEST FACTOR
00:18:33.090 --> 00:18:35.160
AGAINST CHRISTIANITY WAS
00:18:35.160 --> 00:18:36.260
NOT THE DESIRE TO WORSHIP
00:18:36.260 --> 00:18:37.290
JESUS CHRIST.
00:18:37.290 --> 00:18:39.010
THAT WASN'T THAT BIG A
00:18:39.010 --> 00:18:40.100
DEAL, BUT IT WAS THEIR
00:18:40.100 --> 00:18:42.240
REFUSAL TO WORSHIP THE
00:18:42.240 --> 00:18:43.260
GODS ON WHOSE POWER IT WAS
00:18:43.260 --> 00:18:45.260
ASSUMED THAT THE
00:18:45.260 --> 00:18:47.200
PROSPERITY AND PEACE OF
00:18:47.200 --> 00:18:49.000
THE EMPIRE RESTED.
00:18:49.000 --> 00:18:50.210
- JERRY: PERHAPS MOST
00:18:50.210 --> 00:18:52.260
SENSATIONALIZED STORIES IN
00:18:52.260 --> 00:18:54.180
THE HISTORY OF THE EARLY
00:18:54.180 --> 00:18:55.200
CHURCHES' EXPANSION IS THE
00:18:55.200 --> 00:18:57.090
FIRE OF ROME IN A.D. 64.
00:18:57.090 --> 00:18:58.230
IN MANY OF THE ACCOUNTS,
00:18:58.230 --> 00:19:01.100
NERO PLACED THE BLAME ON
00:19:01.100 --> 00:19:02.220
THESE MEN THAT FOLLOWED
00:19:02.220 --> 00:19:04.140
THIS NEW, MISCHIEVOUS
00:19:04.140 --> 00:19:05.220
SUPERSTITION, THE
00:19:05.220 --> 00:19:07.020
CHRISTIANS, PAUL AND
00:19:07.020 --> 00:19:08.170
PETER WERE PUT TO DEATH AT
00:19:08.170 --> 00:19:10.240
- NARRATOR: "I'M ALREADY
00:19:15.130 --> 00:19:16.020
BEING POURED OUT AS A
00:19:16.020 --> 00:19:17.110
DRINK OFFERING, AND THE
00:19:17.110 --> 00:19:18.080
[MUSIC]
00:19:29.100 --> 00:19:32.100
- JONATHAN: WE'RE TOLD BY
00:19:32.100 --> 00:19:32.290
THE ROMAN HISTORIAN
00:19:32.290 --> 00:19:33.290
TACITUS, THERE MAY HAVE
00:19:33.290 --> 00:19:34.170
BEEN POLITICAL MOTIVATIONS
00:19:34.170 --> 00:19:35.110
FOR NERO TO SCAPEGOAT
00:19:35.110 --> 00:19:36.120
CHRISTIANS.
00:19:36.120 --> 00:19:37.280
- JERRY: TACITUS, HE
00:19:37.280 --> 00:19:38.280
GIVES US THE ACCOUNT OF
00:19:38.280 --> 00:19:41.010
THE HORRIFIC TORTURES THAT
00:19:41.010 --> 00:19:42.260
THESE CHRISTIANS AFTER THE
00:19:42.260 --> 00:19:43.200
- NARRATOR: I KNOW THAT
00:19:50.010 --> 00:19:50.290
THE PUTTING OFF OF MY BODY
00:19:50.290 --> 00:19:52.080
WILL BE SOON, AS THE LORD
00:19:52.080 --> 00:19:55.030
JESUS CHRIST HAS MADE
00:19:55.030 --> 00:19:55.270
CLEAR TO ME.
00:19:55.270 --> 00:19:58.140
AND I WILL MAKE EVERY
00:19:58.140 --> 00:20:00.160
EFFORT TO SEE THAT, AFTER
00:20:00.160 --> 00:20:01.290
MY DEPARTURE, YOU WILL
00:20:01.290 --> 00:20:03.040
ALWAYS BE ABLE TO REMEMBER
00:20:03.040 --> 00:20:04.000
THESE THINGS."
00:20:04.260 --> 00:20:07.260
- JERRY: ONE OF THE THINGS
00:20:07.260 --> 00:20:08.160
ABOUT SAINT PETER IS
00:20:08.160 --> 00:20:09.150
THAT WE HAVE TWO LETTERS
00:20:09.150 --> 00:20:10.040
WRITTEN FROM ROME.
00:20:10.040 --> 00:20:12.190
HE'S WRITING THIS RIGHT
00:20:12.190 --> 00:20:13.130
BEFORE HIS EXECUTION,
00:20:13.130 --> 00:20:15.000
2 PETER.
00:20:15.000 --> 00:20:17.250
- NARRATOR: "WE WERE WITH
00:20:17.250 --> 00:20:18.140
HIM ON THE HOLY MOUNTAIN.
00:20:18.140 --> 00:20:19.230
AND WE HAVE THE PROPHETIC
00:20:19.230 --> 00:20:21.210
WORD MORE FULLY CONFIRMED,
00:20:21.210 --> 00:20:23.210
TO WHICH YOU WILL DO WELL
00:20:23.210 --> 00:20:26.040
TO PAY ATTENTION TO AS A
00:20:26.040 --> 00:20:27.030
LAMP SHINING IN A DARK
00:20:27.030 --> 00:20:28.190
PLACE, UNTIL THE DAY DAWNS
00:20:28.190 --> 00:20:30.010
AND THE MORNING STAR RISES
00:20:30.010 --> 00:20:31.240
IN YOUR HEARTS."
00:20:31.240 --> 00:20:33.180
"GROW, BELOVED, IN THE GRACE
00:20:34.030 --> 00:20:37.030
AND KNOWLEDGE OF OUR LORD
00:20:37.030 --> 00:20:38.170
AND SAVIOR JESUS CHRIST.
00:20:38.170 --> 00:20:40.270
TO HIM BE THE GLORY BOTH
00:20:40.270 --> 00:20:42.200
NOW AND TO THE DAY OF
00:20:42.200 --> 00:20:44.020
ETERNITY."
00:20:45.180 --> 00:20:48.180
- JERRY: THE TRADITION
00:20:48.180 --> 00:20:49.160
OF PETER'S DEATH
00:20:49.160 --> 00:20:51.080
IS THAT HE DIDN'T WANNA
00:20:51.080 --> 00:20:52.140
DIE IN THE SAME WAY AS HIS
00:20:52.140 --> 00:20:53.140
CHRIST, THAT HE WASN'T
00:20:53.140 --> 00:20:54.260
- JERRY: -- SO HE WAS
00:21:06.100 --> 00:21:06.290
- JERRY: THERE WAS A
00:21:27.150 --> 00:21:28.020
TRACK WITH AN OBELISK AT
00:21:28.020 --> 00:21:28.280
THE END THAT THINK
00:21:28.280 --> 00:21:30.160
CALIGULA HAD ACTUALLY
00:21:30.160 --> 00:21:32.000
BROUGHT TO ROME.
00:21:32.000 --> 00:21:32.280
IN ONE OF THE ACCOUNTS, HE
00:21:32.280 --> 00:21:34.100
DIES IN THE SHADOW OF THAT
00:21:34.100 --> 00:21:36.010
OBELISK.
00:21:36.010 --> 00:21:37.070
THE OBELISK IS IN THE
00:21:37.070 --> 00:21:37.240
MIDDLE OF ST. PETER'S
00:21:37.240 --> 00:21:38.240
- JERRY: EUSEBIUS RECORDS
00:21:44.070 --> 00:21:44.260
THESE EARLY TRADITIONS,
00:21:44.260 --> 00:21:45.200
TERTULLIAN.
00:21:45.200 --> 00:21:46.200
THERE BECOMES A CONSENSUS
00:21:46.200 --> 00:21:49.060
AMONG ONE LARGE GROUP OF
00:21:49.090 --> 00:21:52.090
CHRISTIANS THAT HE WOULD
00:21:52.090 --> 00:21:53.010
BE THE FIRST OFFICIAL
00:21:53.010 --> 00:21:54.180
- JERRY: NERO DIED IN 68,
00:22:18.220 --> 00:22:19.130
AND THERE WAS THE YEAR OF
00:22:19.240 --> 00:22:22.240
THE FOUR GENERALS.
00:22:22.240 --> 00:22:24.140
IT WAS PANDEMONIUM.
00:22:24.140 --> 00:22:25.090
SO VESPASIAN TAKES OVER IN
00:22:25.090 --> 00:22:26.190
69, AND HE WILL SERVE
00:22:26.190 --> 00:22:28.140
UNTIL 71, THEN HIS SON
00:22:28.140 --> 00:22:30.120
TITUS WILL TAKE OVER.
00:22:30.120 --> 00:22:32.020
VESPASIAN IN ON THE THRONE
00:22:32.020 --> 00:22:34.280
WHEN JERUSALEM IS SACKED.
00:22:34.280 --> 00:22:36.240
HE SENDS TITUS.
00:22:36.240 --> 00:22:39.100
ARCH OF TITUS HAS A
00:22:40.050 --> 00:22:43.050
PICTURE OF THE GREAT
00:22:43.050 --> 00:22:44.290
MENORAH BEING CARRIED OUT
00:22:44.290 --> 00:22:45.220
BY TITUS FROM THE TEMPLE.
00:22:46.070 --> 00:22:49.070
- JONATHAN: THE JEWS
00:22:49.070 --> 00:22:50.180
DECIDED TO REBEL AGAINST
00:22:50.180 --> 00:22:52.120
ROMAN RULE IN A.D. 66,
00:22:52.120 --> 00:22:54.260
AND THE UPSHOT OF THAT
00:22:54.260 --> 00:22:55.250
WAS THE DESTRUCTION OF THE
00:22:55.250 --> 00:22:56.210
- JONATHAN: THE JEWS WERE
00:23:05.000 --> 00:23:05.210
LEFT WITHOUT A STATE,
00:23:05.210 --> 00:23:06.100
WITHOUT POLITICAL POWER,
00:23:06.100 --> 00:23:06.290
AND THEY HAD TO REFORM
00:23:06.290 --> 00:23:07.220
THEMSELVES.
00:23:08.080 --> 00:23:11.080
[MUSIC]
00:23:11.080 --> 00:23:12.160
- JONATHAN: OF COURSE, IN
00:23:12.160 --> 00:23:13.090
THE GOSPELS, WE READ OF
00:23:13.090 --> 00:23:14.050
JESUS' PROPHECIES OF THE
00:23:14.050 --> 00:23:15.010
DESTRUCTION OF THE TEMPLE.
00:23:15.010 --> 00:23:15.240
CHRISTIANS WITH A JEWISH
00:23:15.240 --> 00:23:17.200
HERITAGE WOULD HAVE LOST
00:23:17.200 --> 00:23:18.280
THAT CENTER, AND MANY
00:23:18.280 --> 00:23:21.060
PEOPLE THINK THAT THE
00:23:21.060 --> 00:23:23.030
CLOSE BOND BETWEEN JUDAISM
00:23:23.030 --> 00:23:25.040
AND CHRISTIANITY WOULD
00:23:25.040 --> 00:23:26.230
HAVE BEEN TORN ASUNDER BY
00:23:26.230 --> 00:23:29.140
THE DESTRUCTION OF THE
00:23:29.140 --> 00:23:30.070
- DAVID: DIDN'T MAKE A
00:23:38.230 --> 00:23:39.110
LOT OF SENSE TO PAGANS
00:23:39.110 --> 00:23:39.280
THAT CHRISTIANS WOULD BE
00:23:39.280 --> 00:23:41.150
WILLING TO DIE FOR THE
00:23:41.150 --> 00:23:42.230
SAKE OF REFUSING TO
00:23:42.230 --> 00:23:43.260
- DAVID: TO STAND THEIR
00:23:49.150 --> 00:23:50.130
GROUND IN THE FACE OF
00:23:50.130 --> 00:23:51.110
DEATH WAS SOMETHING THAT
00:23:51.110 --> 00:23:52.280
LEFT A PRETTY STARK
00:23:52.280 --> 00:23:54.070
IMPRESSION DIRECTED AT THE
00:23:54.070 --> 00:23:55.090
CROWD IN TERMS OF TALKING
00:23:55.090 --> 00:23:56.240
- JERRY: AND WE HAVE
00:24:02.070 --> 00:24:02.240
TRADITIONS THAT SHARE
00:24:02.240 --> 00:24:03.160
ABOUT THE DEATHS OF ALL OF
00:24:03.160 --> 00:24:04.280
THE APOSTLES AND WHERE
00:24:04.280 --> 00:24:06.050
THEY WERE, AND SOME
00:24:06.050 --> 00:24:07.130
APOSTLES HAVE MULTIPLE
00:24:07.130 --> 00:24:08.270
- JERRY: PAUL STARTS IN
00:24:13.090 --> 00:24:14.060
TARSUS AND ENDS UP
00:24:14.060 --> 00:24:16.010
APPEALING TO CAESAR IN
00:24:16.010 --> 00:24:18.210
CAESAREA AND ENDS UP DYING
00:24:18.210 --> 00:24:19.190
IN ROME.
00:24:19.190 --> 00:24:21.030
PETER STARTS AT CAPERNAUM.
00:24:21.030 --> 00:24:23.270
HE ENDS UP DYING IN ROME;
00:24:23.270 --> 00:24:26.050
THOMAS IN INDIA;
00:24:26.050 --> 00:24:29.050
BARTHOLOMEW, WHO TRADITION
00:24:29.050 --> 00:24:31.040
HAS WENT TO INDIA AND
00:24:31.040 --> 00:24:32.170
ETHIOPIA AND SOUTHERN ARABIA.
00:24:32.170 --> 00:24:34.210
IN THE "GOLDEN LEGEND,"
00:24:34.290 --> 00:24:37.290
IT GIVES THE ACCOUNT THAT HE
00:24:37.290 --> 00:24:38.260
WAS ACTUALLY FLAYED ALIVE
00:24:38.260 --> 00:24:40.060
AND THEN BEHEADED.
00:24:40.060 --> 00:24:41.130
JAMES THE ELDER, IN ACTS
00:24:41.130 --> 00:24:42.230
12, WAS KILLED BY HEROD BY
00:24:42.230 --> 00:24:43.190
THE SWORD.
00:24:43.190 --> 00:24:44.240
JAMES, THE BROTHER JESUS,
00:24:45.100 --> 00:24:48.100
WAS RECORDED IN A.D. 170
00:24:48.100 --> 00:24:49.050
TO HAVE BEEN PUSHED FROM
00:24:49.050 --> 00:24:50.240
THE PINNACLE OF THE TEMPLE.
00:24:51.000 --> 00:24:54.000
THEN HE'S BEATEN WITH RODS.
00:24:54.000 --> 00:24:55.270
WE HAVE JUDE OR THADDAEUS
00:24:55.270 --> 00:24:57.170
GOING TO ODESA.
00:24:57.240 --> 00:25:00.260
THERE ARE VARYING ACCOUNTS
00:25:00.260 --> 00:25:02.010
OF HOW HE DIED.
00:25:02.010 --> 00:25:03.080
WE HAVE MATTHEW DYING IN
00:25:03.080 --> 00:25:05.060
ETHIOPIA, ACCORDING TO
00:25:05.060 --> 00:25:06.260
TRADITION.
00:25:06.260 --> 00:25:08.110
DIED A HORRIFIC DEATH.
00:25:08.110 --> 00:25:11.010
WITH MATTHIAS, ONE OF THE
00:25:11.010 --> 00:25:12.140
PLACES THAT TRADITION HAS
00:25:12.140 --> 00:25:13.230
HIM GOING TO IS BACK TO
00:25:13.230 --> 00:25:16.110
DAMASCUS.
00:25:16.110 --> 00:25:18.090
PHILIP, TRADITION HAS HIM
00:25:18.090 --> 00:25:19.250
BEING MARTYRED IN PHRYGIA,
00:25:19.250 --> 00:25:22.200
OR MODERN TURKEY.
00:25:22.200 --> 00:25:24.120
WITH SIMON THE ZEALOT,
00:25:24.120 --> 00:25:26.060
AFRICA, PERSIA, OR MODERN
00:25:26.060 --> 00:25:28.270
IRAN, AND ENGLAND, AND
00:25:28.270 --> 00:25:29.290
DYING A MARTYR'S DEATH AS WELL.
00:25:30.140 --> 00:25:33.140
[MUSIC]
00:25:33.140 --> 00:25:34.170
- JERRY: WITH THE APOSTLE
00:25:34.170 --> 00:25:35.170
JOHN, WE HAVE HIM ON THE
00:25:35.170 --> 00:25:36.240
ISLAND OF PATMOS, WRITING
00:25:36.240 --> 00:25:37.290
THE BOOK OF REVELATION,
00:25:37.290 --> 00:25:40.030
THE ONLY ONE TO LIVE A
00:25:40.030 --> 00:25:41.230
FULL LIFE.
00:25:41.230 --> 00:25:44.120
[MUSIC]
00:25:44.220 --> 00:25:47.220
- MICHAEL: PEOPLE WANTED
00:25:47.220 --> 00:25:49.030
TO GET MORE DOWN IN
00:25:49.030 --> 00:25:50.030
WRITING, SO GOSPELS GOT
00:25:50.030 --> 00:25:51.100
WRITTEN AROUND THE TIME
00:25:51.100 --> 00:25:53.020
THAT THE FIRST GENERATION
00:25:53.020 --> 00:25:54.090
OF EYEWITNESSES DIED OFF,
00:25:54.090 --> 00:25:55.260
AND SO THE JEWISH
00:25:56.110 --> 00:25:59.110
SCRIPTURE OFTEN REFERRED
00:25:59.110 --> 00:26:01.070
TO IS THE LAW AND THE
00:26:01.070 --> 00:26:03.110
PROPHETS, AND THEY HAD THE
00:26:04.100 --> 00:26:07.100
CHRISTIAN WRITINGS, THE
00:26:07.100 --> 00:26:08.050
GOSPEL AND THE APOSTLES.
00:26:08.050 --> 00:26:08.260
THEY'RE ALL WRITTEN;
00:26:08.260 --> 00:26:09.170
THEY'RE ALL AUTHORITATIVE.
00:26:09.170 --> 00:26:10.060
PRETTY SOON YOU START
00:26:10.060 --> 00:26:10.260
CALLIN' 'EM ALL SCRIPTURES.
00:26:10.260 --> 00:26:12.020
INSTEAD OF SAYIN' THE
00:26:12.020 --> 00:26:13.080
JEWISH SCRIPTURES AND THE
00:26:13.080 --> 00:26:14.210
CHRISTIAN WRITINGS, THEY
00:26:14.210 --> 00:26:15.090
ALL FUNCTION AND IT'S LIKE
00:26:15.090 --> 00:26:16.130
YOU STARTED CALLING ALL OF
00:26:16.130 --> 00:26:17.210
'EM SCRIPTURE.
00:26:17.210 --> 00:26:18.050
BUT NOBODY WAS WORRIED
00:26:18.050 --> 00:26:18.250
ABOUT HOW MANY THERE WERE
00:26:18.250 --> 00:26:19.210
BECAUSE BOOKS YOU GATHERED
00:26:19.210 --> 00:26:20.210
AS YOU COULD.
00:26:20.210 --> 00:26:23.050
YOU GOT ALL THE COPIES OF
00:26:23.050 --> 00:26:23.240
BOOKS YOU COULD, AND ONE
00:26:23.240 --> 00:26:24.120
CHURCH MIGHT HAVE MORE
00:26:24.120 --> 00:26:24.290
THAN ANOTHER.
00:26:24.290 --> 00:26:25.170
YOU JUST TRIED TO BUILD
00:26:25.170 --> 00:26:26.140
YOUR COLLECTION.
00:26:26.140 --> 00:26:27.250
EVENTUALLY, THEY STARTED
00:26:27.250 --> 00:26:29.060
WORRYING ABOUT, JUST,
00:26:29.060 --> 00:26:30.180
WHICH BOOKS DO BELONG IN
00:26:30.180 --> 00:26:32.180
THIS COLLECTION, BUT THAT
00:26:32.180 --> 00:26:33.200
WAS A 200-YEAR PROCESS.
00:26:33.200 --> 00:26:35.030
[MUSIC]
00:26:36.000 --> 00:26:39.000
- JERRY: WE KNOW THAT THE
00:26:39.000 --> 00:26:41.130
EARLY CHURCH VENERATED
00:26:41.130 --> 00:26:43.170
ANYONE HAD CONTACT WITH
00:26:43.170 --> 00:26:44.260
JESUS WHILE HE LIVED.
00:26:44.260 --> 00:26:46.170
WE HAVE WRITINGS FROM THE
00:26:46.170 --> 00:26:47.200
APOSTOLIC FATHERS,
00:26:47.200 --> 00:26:49.250
AND THEY'RE CALLED THAT
00:26:49.250 --> 00:26:50.170
BECAUSE THEY HAD A
00:26:50.170 --> 00:26:51.140
CONNECTION TO THE APOSTLES
00:26:51.140 --> 00:26:52.060
WHO HAD A CONNECTION
00:26:52.060 --> 00:26:53.040
TO JESUS.
00:26:53.110 --> 00:26:56.110
- MICHAEL: THE APOSTOLIC
00:26:56.110 --> 00:26:57.000
FATHERS JUST STARTS
00:26:57.000 --> 00:26:58.170
REVIVING LITERATURE, AND
00:26:58.170 --> 00:26:59.190
THEY GOT PUT IN ONE
00:26:59.190 --> 00:27:01.020
COLLECTION, AND IT'S
00:27:01.020 --> 00:27:02.190
LETTERS, IT'S AN
00:27:02.190 --> 00:27:05.010
APOCALYPSE, IT'S A
00:27:05.010 --> 00:27:06.110
TEACHING DOCUMENT, IT'S
00:27:06.110 --> 00:27:07.280
CHRISTIANS IN THAT
00:27:07.280 --> 00:27:09.050
LATE-SECOND, EARLY-THIRD
00:27:09.160 --> 00:27:12.160
GENERATION, SEEKING TO
00:27:12.160 --> 00:27:13.090
COME TO TERMS WITH WHAT IT
00:27:13.090 --> 00:27:14.130
MEANS TO BE A CHRISTIAN IN
00:27:14.130 --> 00:27:15.020
AN OFTEN ALIEN CULTURE
00:27:15.020 --> 00:27:16.130
WHEN YOU DON'T HAVE
00:27:16.130 --> 00:27:17.210
APOSTLES TO TURN TO FOR
00:27:17.210 --> 00:27:18.280
ANSWERS ANYMORE.
00:27:19.010 --> 00:27:22.010
[MUSIC]
00:27:28.210 --> 00:27:31.210
- MICHAEL: IGNATIUS WAS A
00:27:31.210 --> 00:27:33.110
BISHOP OF THE CHURCH IN
00:27:33.110 --> 00:27:35.010
ANTIOCH IN SYRIA, THE SAME
00:27:35.010 --> 00:27:36.080
CHURCH THAT PAUL USED AS
00:27:36.080 --> 00:27:37.170
HIS MISSION BASE, PROBABLY
00:27:37.170 --> 00:27:38.280
ABOUT 60 YEARS AFTER PAUL
00:27:38.280 --> 00:27:40.170
WAS THERE.
00:27:40.170 --> 00:27:42.070
THAT IGNATIUS WAS A BISHOP
00:27:42.070 --> 00:27:43.230
TELLS US THERE US THERE'S
00:27:43.230 --> 00:27:45.020
BEEN SOME CHANGE IN CHURCH
00:27:45.020 --> 00:27:46.040
STRUCTURES ALONG THE WAY,
00:27:46.040 --> 00:27:46.260
BUT HE'S BEING ESCORTED BY
00:27:46.260 --> 00:27:48.030
A GROUP OF SOLDIERS TO
00:27:48.030 --> 00:27:49.190
ROME TO BE PUT TO DEATH IN
00:27:49.190 --> 00:27:51.030
THE ARENA, PROBABLY FED TO
00:27:51.030 --> 00:27:52.060
THE LIONS, AND ON THE WAY,
00:27:52.060 --> 00:27:54.070
HE WRITES SEVEN LETTERS,
00:27:54.070 --> 00:27:55.160
AND THAT'S WHY WE KNOW HIM
00:27:55.160 --> 00:27:57.000
SO WELL.
00:27:57.000 --> 00:27:58.270
[MUSIC]
00:28:02.070 --> 00:28:05.070
- MICHAEL: ONE AREA HE'S
00:28:05.070 --> 00:28:07.160
JUST DEALING WITH IS WHAT
00:28:07.160 --> 00:28:09.090
DO YOU DO WHEN DIFFERENT
00:28:09.090 --> 00:28:09.280
OPINIONS COME UP ABOUT
00:28:09.280 --> 00:28:10.250
JESUS IN THE CHURCH?
00:28:10.250 --> 00:28:13.110
EVERYBODY'S HEARING THE
00:28:13.110 --> 00:28:14.100
GOSPEL, BUT NOT EVERYONE
00:28:14.100 --> 00:28:15.140
INTERPRETS THE SAME WAY.
00:28:15.140 --> 00:28:17.060
WHAT DO YOU DO WHEN THERE
00:28:17.060 --> 00:28:18.020
ARE DIFFERENCES OF OPINION?
00:28:18.020 --> 00:28:19.020
AND IGNATIUS' ANSWER IS
00:28:19.140 --> 00:28:22.140
"FOLLOW THE BISHOP.
00:28:22.140 --> 00:28:24.020
WHATEVER THE BISHOP
00:28:24.020 --> 00:28:25.070
BELIEVES, THAT'S WHAT YOU
00:28:25.070 --> 00:28:26.100
SHOULD BELIEVE, AND IF YOU
00:28:26.100 --> 00:28:29.040
CAN KEEP THE BISHOPS IN
00:28:29.040 --> 00:28:30.080
LINE, THEN YOU KEEP THE
00:28:30.080 --> 00:28:32.110
CHURCHES IN LINE."
00:28:32.190 --> 00:28:35.190
SO IGNATIUS DEVELOPS A VERY
00:28:35.190 --> 00:28:36.100
DEVELOPED CHURCH STRUCTURE
00:28:36.100 --> 00:28:37.120
COMPARED TO PAUL, AND
00:28:37.120 --> 00:28:37.290
EVENTUALLY THE CHURCH WILL
00:28:37.290 --> 00:28:38.190
DEVELOP ALONG THE LINES
00:28:38.190 --> 00:28:39.210
THAT IGNATIUS SKETCHES
00:28:39.210 --> 00:28:40.240
OUT, THOUGH HE ENCOUNTERED
00:28:40.240 --> 00:28:42.060
A FAIR AMOUNT OF CONFLICT
00:28:42.060 --> 00:28:43.120
OR DEBATE OVER THAT IN HIS DAY.
00:28:43.120 --> 00:28:45.120
- DENNIS: IGNATIUS, LIKE
00:28:45.120 --> 00:28:47.230
MANY OF HIS CONTEMPORARIES,
00:28:47.230 --> 00:28:49.080
WAS INDEED PUT TO DEATH
00:28:49.080 --> 00:28:50.250
IN THE ARENA IN A.D. 117.
00:28:50.250 --> 00:28:52.120
WE DON'T KNOW EXACTLY WHY.
00:28:52.120 --> 00:28:53.180
WE DO KNOW FROM HIS
00:28:53.180 --> 00:28:55.040
LETTERS THAT HE BELIEVED
00:28:55.040 --> 00:28:57.060
HIS MARTYRDOM TO BE A
00:28:57.060 --> 00:28:58.110
PRIVILEGE.
00:28:58.110 --> 00:28:59.160
"I AM GOD'S WHEAT,"
00:28:59.160 --> 00:29:00.200
HE WROTE, "TO BE GROUND BY
00:29:00.200 --> 00:29:02.020
THE TEETH OF BEASTS SO
00:29:02.020 --> 00:29:03.180
THAT I MAY BE OFFERED AS
00:29:03.180 --> 00:29:05.180
PURE BREAD OF CHRIST."
00:29:05.180 --> 00:29:08.020
[MUSIC]
00:29:08.020 --> 00:29:10.240
- MICHAEL: THE MARTYRS
00:29:10.240 --> 00:29:11.120
WERE HELD IN HIGH ESTEEM
00:29:11.120 --> 00:29:13.010
BECAUSE THEY HAD PAID THE
00:29:13.010 --> 00:29:15.180
FULL PRICE FOR JESUS.
00:29:15.180 --> 00:29:16.070
THERE WAS A SENSE, AND IT
00:29:16.070 --> 00:29:17.120
WAS A HEROIC FORM OF
00:29:17.120 --> 00:29:19.120
DISCIPLESHIP, NOT
00:29:19.120 --> 00:29:20.080
SOMETHING TO BE CHASED
00:29:20.080 --> 00:29:22.020
AFTER SO THAT PEOPLE COULD
00:29:22.020 --> 00:29:23.030
TALK ABOUT YOU.
00:29:23.030 --> 00:29:24.040
IF GOD CALLED YOU TO THAT,
00:29:24.040 --> 00:29:26.080
THAT WAS YOUR PERSONAL
00:29:26.080 --> 00:29:28.150
- JUSTO: IN THEIR OWN
00:29:32.220 --> 00:29:33.090
SUFFERING, THEY WERE
00:29:33.090 --> 00:29:34.190
JOINING JESUS IN HIS
00:29:34.190 --> 00:29:35.050
SUFFERINGS.
00:29:35.050 --> 00:29:36.070
THEY WERE NOT JUST
00:29:36.070 --> 00:29:37.090
SUFFERING FOR A CAUSE.
00:29:37.090 --> 00:29:38.030
THEY'RE SUFFERING WITH
00:29:38.030 --> 00:29:39.190
SOMEBODY WHOM THEY LOVE
00:29:39.190 --> 00:29:40.280
AND WHO HAS SUFFERED FOR
00:29:40.280 --> 00:29:42.000
THEM, AND SO THEY'RE
00:29:42.000 --> 00:29:43.050
- DAVID: YOU HAVE IN THE
00:29:53.000 --> 00:29:54.130
YEAR 203, A SERIES OF
00:29:54.130 --> 00:29:56.100
WEATHER CATASTROPHES THAT
00:29:56.100 --> 00:29:58.080
LEAD TO A REALLY BAD
00:29:58.080 --> 00:30:00.090
HARVEST, AND THIS IS ONE
00:30:00.090 --> 00:30:02.090
OF THOSE CASES WHERE
00:30:02.090 --> 00:30:04.230
PAGANS START TRYING TO
00:30:04.230 --> 00:30:06.010
FIGURE OUT WHY ARE THE
00:30:06.010 --> 00:30:07.040
GODS NOT PROVIDING THE
00:30:07.040 --> 00:30:07.210
PROSPERITY THEY TYPICALLY
00:30:07.210 --> 00:30:09.180
DO, AND THAT OFTEN THEN
00:30:09.180 --> 00:30:10.170
BECOMES FERTILE GROUND FOR
00:30:10.170 --> 00:30:12.020
PERSECUTION.
00:30:12.020 --> 00:30:13.240
IT BECOMES THE ATHEISTS,
00:30:13.240 --> 00:30:15.060
THE CHRISTIANS, WHO DON'T
00:30:15.060 --> 00:30:16.090
BELIEVE IN THE GODS AND
00:30:16.090 --> 00:30:17.090
DON'T WORSHIP THEM, WHO
00:30:17.090 --> 00:30:18.220
ARE CREATING THE PROBLEM,
00:30:18.220 --> 00:30:19.260
AND SO TRYING TO FORCE
00:30:19.260 --> 00:30:21.100
THEM TO WORSHIP THE GODS
00:30:21.100 --> 00:30:22.110
- JUSTO: PERPETUA WAS A
00:30:28.120 --> 00:30:29.000
FAIRLY WELL-TO-DO WOMAN.
00:30:29.000 --> 00:30:29.290
IT WAS FORBIDDEN FOR
00:30:29.290 --> 00:30:32.100
PEOPLE TO CONVERT TO
00:30:32.100 --> 00:30:33.040
CHRISTIANITY AT THAT
00:30:33.040 --> 00:30:34.120
POINT, AND SHE DID, AND SO
00:30:34.120 --> 00:30:36.200
DID HER COMPANION
00:30:36.200 --> 00:30:38.110
SERVANTS.
00:30:38.110 --> 00:30:40.230
[MUSIC]
00:30:40.230 --> 00:30:42.080
- MICHAEL: AND WE KNOW OF
00:30:42.080 --> 00:30:42.270
HER IN PARTICULAR BECAUSE
00:30:42.270 --> 00:30:43.240
SHE LEFT SOME DIARIES BEHIND.
00:30:43.240 --> 00:30:45.140
- JUSTO: IT'S PROBABLY
00:30:45.140 --> 00:30:46.100
VERY FIRST INTIMATE
00:30:46.260 --> 00:30:49.260
RELIGIOUS DIARY THAT WE
00:30:49.260 --> 00:30:52.020
HAVE OF A CHRISTIAN.
00:30:53.190 --> 00:30:56.190
- FEMALE NARRATOR
00:30:56.190 --> 00:30:57.250
(PERPETUA):
00:30:57.250 --> 00:30:59.040
MY FATHER, OUT OF LOVE FOR ME,
00:30:59.040 --> 00:31:00.050
WAS TRYING TO DISSUADE ME
00:31:00.050 --> 00:31:01.000
AND SHAKE MY RESOLUTION.
00:31:01.150 --> 00:31:04.150
I TRIED TO COMFORT HIM, SAYING,
00:31:04.150 --> 00:31:05.100
"IT WILL ALL HAPPEN IN THE
00:31:05.100 --> 00:31:06.220
PRISONERS' STOCK AS GOD WILLS.
00:31:07.150 --> 00:31:10.150
FOR YOU MAY BE SURE THAT
00:31:10.150 --> 00:31:12.160
WE ARE NOT LEFT TO
00:31:12.160 --> 00:31:14.110
OURSELVES BUT ARE ALL IN
00:31:14.240 --> 00:31:17.240
- MICHAEL: IN THE ROMAN
00:31:23.070 --> 00:31:23.250
EMPIRE, THE FATHER WAS
00:31:23.250 --> 00:31:24.290
ABSOLUTE OVER THE FAMILY,
00:31:24.290 --> 00:31:26.250
AND FOR A DAUGHTER TO
00:31:26.250 --> 00:31:28.240
DISOBEY DAD'S ORDERS TO
00:31:28.240 --> 00:31:30.020
NOT DO THIS, THAT WAS A
00:31:30.020 --> 00:31:31.210
- NARRATOR (PERPETUA):
00:31:36.030 --> 00:31:36.210
HILARIANUS, THE GOVERNOR,
00:31:36.210 --> 00:31:37.220
SAID TO ME, "HAVE PITY ON
00:31:37.220 --> 00:31:38.250
YOUR FATHER'S GRAY HEAD.
00:31:38.250 --> 00:31:40.150
HAVE PITY ON YOUR INFANT SON.
00:31:40.150 --> 00:31:41.280
OFFER THE SACRIFICE FOR
00:31:41.280 --> 00:31:44.080
THE WELFARE OF THE EMPERORS."
00:31:44.080 --> 00:31:46.080
"I WILL NOT,"
00:31:46.080 --> 00:31:47.170
I RETORTED.
00:31:47.170 --> 00:31:48.060
"ARE YOU A CHRISTIAN?"
00:31:48.060 --> 00:31:50.120
SAID HILARIANUS.
00:31:51.120 --> 00:31:54.120
AND I SAID, "YES, I AM."
00:31:56.200 --> 00:31:59.200
00:32:02.070 --> 00:32:05.070
- JUSTO: WITHOUT DENYING
00:32:23.130 --> 00:32:26.130
THE PAIN, SHE'S ALSO
00:32:26.180 --> 00:32:29.180
CONSTANTLY SPEAKING OF THE
00:32:29.180 --> 00:32:31.000
VICTORY AND JOY 'CAUSE
00:32:31.000 --> 00:32:32.250
IT'S THAT COMBINATION THAT
00:32:32.250 --> 00:32:34.020
I FIND FASCINATING, AND
00:32:34.110 --> 00:32:37.110
THAT'S THE STORY OF MOST
00:32:37.110 --> 00:32:38.180
OF THE EARLY MARTYRS, BY
00:32:38.180 --> 00:32:39.180
THE WAY.
00:32:39.180 --> 00:32:42.080
[MUSIC]
00:32:42.080 --> 00:32:44.080
[VOCALIZING]
00:32:44.080 --> 00:32:47.020
- DAVID: RATHER THAN
00:32:47.020 --> 00:32:47.190
ACCEPTING THAT ACCUSATION
00:32:47.190 --> 00:32:49.180
OF ATHEISM, THEY SAID,
00:32:49.180 --> 00:32:50.080
"NO, WE ACTUALLY WORSHIP
00:32:50.080 --> 00:32:51.040
THE ONLY TRUE GOD, AND
00:32:51.040 --> 00:32:52.160
THAT'S THE GOD THAT WE
00:32:52.160 --> 00:32:55.150
PRAY TO ON BEHALF OF THE
00:32:55.150 --> 00:32:57.170
- JERRY: BY THE TIME OF
00:33:08.000 --> 00:33:10.260
TERTULLIAN'S DEATH IN A.D. 225,
00:33:12.120 --> 00:33:15.120
THERE WERE OVER 70
00:33:15.120 --> 00:33:15.290
BISHOPS IN CARTHAGE.
00:33:15.290 --> 00:33:17.090
BY A.D. 313, WITH THE
00:33:17.090 --> 00:33:19.000
EDICT OF MILAN, THERE
00:33:19.000 --> 00:33:20.050
ARE 250 BISHOPS IN CARTHAGE.
00:33:20.050 --> 00:33:22.030
THIS WAS CALLED
00:33:22.030 --> 00:33:24.050
"MONEPISCOPACY,"
00:33:24.050 --> 00:33:26.090
"ONE BISHOP," IF YOU WILL,
00:33:26.090 --> 00:33:27.250
AND "MONEPISCOPE."
00:33:27.250 --> 00:33:29.160
IT WAS SIMPLY TRYING
00:33:29.160 --> 00:33:30.280
TO MAKE SURE THERE
00:33:30.280 --> 00:33:31.270
WEREN'T COMPETING
00:33:31.270 --> 00:33:32.130
PEOPLE OF AUTHORITY IN
00:33:32.130 --> 00:33:33.030
THE SAME AREA.
00:33:33.030 --> 00:33:35.020
IT BECAME MORE AND MORE
00:33:35.020 --> 00:33:35.280
COMPLEX AS THE CHURCH GREW.
00:33:36.040 --> 00:33:39.040
[MUSIC]
00:33:40.170 --> 00:33:43.170
- JERRY: THAT CENTER
00:33:43.170 --> 00:33:44.240
AUTHORITY BECAME KNOWN AS
00:33:44.240 --> 00:33:46.030
THE HIGH CHAIR OF
00:33:46.030 --> 00:33:47.080
AUTHORITY, OR IN LATIN,
00:33:47.080 --> 00:33:49.240
THE "CATHEDRA" POWER, AND
00:33:49.240 --> 00:33:51.120
"CATHEDRALS" CAME
00:33:51.120 --> 00:33:52.290
FROM THAT.
00:33:53.210 --> 00:33:56.210
[MUSIC]
00:33:56.210 --> 00:33:57.260
- JERRY: THE PRESBYTERS
00:33:57.260 --> 00:33:59.180
THEMSELVES BECAME PRIESTS.
00:33:59.180 --> 00:34:00.090
[MUSIC]
00:34:02.010 --> 00:34:05.010
- STANLEY: SO IN THE
00:34:05.010 --> 00:34:05.190
THIRD CENTURY, ROME WAS
00:34:05.190 --> 00:34:06.120
HAVING ESSENTIALLY ONE
00:34:06.200 --> 00:34:09.200
MASSIVE UPHEAVAL.
00:34:09.200 --> 00:34:10.060
IT'S A LONG CIVIL WAR, SO
00:34:10.060 --> 00:34:10.290
FROM THE PERIOD OF 235 TO
00:34:10.290 --> 00:34:12.050
270 A.D., SO A 35-YEAR
00:34:12.050 --> 00:34:14.190
PERIOD, YOU HAD 70
00:34:14.190 --> 00:34:16.050
EMPERORS IN A 35-YEAR
00:34:16.050 --> 00:34:18.000
PERIOD, ONLY ONE OF WHOM
00:34:18.000 --> 00:34:19.070
DIED OF NATURAL CAUSES.
00:34:19.070 --> 00:34:21.260
SO THAT'S ONE LONG CIVIL
00:34:21.260 --> 00:34:22.250
WAR WITH ONE GENERAL AFTER
00:34:22.250 --> 00:34:24.200
ANOTHER CROSS THE RUBICON,
00:34:24.200 --> 00:34:25.270
PROCLAIMING HIMSELF
00:34:25.270 --> 00:34:26.150
EMPEROR AND ASCENDING THE
00:34:26.150 --> 00:34:27.130
THRONE.
00:34:27.130 --> 00:34:28.240
AND SO YOU HAVE THIS
00:34:29.210 --> 00:34:32.210
DRAMATIC, DIFFICULT SEASON
00:34:32.210 --> 00:34:34.050
IN THE ROMAN WORLD.
00:34:34.050 --> 00:34:34.260
IT IS CHAOS.
00:34:34.260 --> 00:34:35.200
IT IS FULL OF UNCERTAINTY.
00:34:35.200 --> 00:34:36.240
IT'S ALSO AT A TIME WHERE
00:34:37.080 --> 00:34:40.080
YOU HAVE A NUMBER OF
00:34:40.080 --> 00:34:41.210
PERSECUTIONS OF CHRISTIANS.
00:34:41.210 --> 00:34:43.010
IT'S IMPORTANT TO
00:34:43.010 --> 00:34:43.180
UNDERSTAND THESE
00:34:43.180 --> 00:34:44.140
PERSECUTIONS WERE AT THE
00:34:44.140 --> 00:34:45.210
CORE OF POLITICAL DEBATES AND
00:34:45.210 --> 00:34:47.020
LOYALTY TESTS.
00:34:47.020 --> 00:34:49.100
IF YOU'VE JUST KILLED OFF
00:34:49.100 --> 00:34:49.290
YOUR PREDECESSOR AND
00:34:49.290 --> 00:34:51.130
ASCENDED THE THRONE, OF
00:34:51.130 --> 00:34:54.100
COURSE, YOU'RE GONNA WANT
00:34:54.100 --> 00:34:54.290
TO ESTABLISH YOURSELF.
00:34:54.290 --> 00:34:55.160
YOU LOOK FOR LOYALTY, RIGHT?
00:34:55.290 --> 00:34:58.290
[MUSIC]
00:34:58.290 --> 00:35:01.170
- STANLEY: SO THEY
00:35:01.170 --> 00:35:02.100
INSTITUTED UNDER THE
00:35:02.100 --> 00:35:03.220
EMPEROR DECIUS, IN
00:35:03.220 --> 00:35:05.030
PARTICULAR, CREATED THIS
00:35:05.030 --> 00:35:06.020
NOTION OF WORSHIPING THE
00:35:06.020 --> 00:35:07.010
GENUS OF THE EMPEROR.
00:35:07.010 --> 00:35:09.230
THE GENUS IS THE SPIRITUAL
00:35:09.230 --> 00:35:10.120
REPRESENTATION OF THE
00:35:10.120 --> 00:35:11.150
PERSON, BUT IT WAS A FORM
00:35:11.150 --> 00:35:12.140
- STANLEY: NOW, WHO WERE
00:35:18.250 --> 00:35:19.170
THE PEOPLE WHO REFUSED TO
00:35:19.170 --> 00:35:20.060
WORSHIP THE GENUS OF THE
00:35:20.060 --> 00:35:20.240
EMPEROR?
00:35:20.240 --> 00:35:21.110
THE CHRISTIANS.
00:35:21.110 --> 00:35:22.230
IN THE ANCIENT WORLD,
00:35:22.230 --> 00:35:23.150
POLITICS AND RELIGION ARE
00:35:23.150 --> 00:35:24.210
TWO SIDES OF THE SAME
00:35:24.210 --> 00:35:26.200
COIN, SO IF YOU WANTED TO
00:35:26.200 --> 00:35:27.160
MAKE A POLITICAL MOVE,
00:35:27.160 --> 00:35:28.190
INEVITABLY IT'S GOT A
00:35:28.190 --> 00:35:29.260
RELIGIOUS DIMENSION TO IT.
00:35:29.260 --> 00:35:30.240
SO YOU HAVE THE POLITICAL
00:35:30.240 --> 00:35:32.010
MOVE OF INSTITUTING A
00:35:32.010 --> 00:35:33.120
LOYALTY TEST, BUT IT'S A
00:35:33.120 --> 00:35:35.140
RELIGIOUS LOYALTY TEST
00:35:35.140 --> 00:35:36.070
BECAUSE IT'S INCONCEIVABLE
00:35:36.070 --> 00:35:37.140
- STANLEY: THE CHRISTIANS
00:35:41.050 --> 00:35:42.050
ARE NOT GIVING THEIR
00:35:42.050 --> 00:35:42.240
LOYALTY, IF YOU WILL.
00:35:42.240 --> 00:35:43.250
YOU KNOW, FOR THEM, YOU
00:35:43.250 --> 00:35:44.180
KNOW, THEY WRITE LETTERS AND
00:35:44.180 --> 00:35:45.270
SAY, "WE'RE GONNA BE LOYAL."
00:35:46.280 --> 00:35:49.280
THEY WERE OFFERING THEIR
00:35:49.280 --> 00:35:51.000
LOYALTY,
00:35:51.000 --> 00:35:51.240
BUT NOT THROUGH A WAY THAT
00:35:51.240 --> 00:35:52.130
THE IMPERIAL MECHANISM
00:35:52.130 --> 00:35:53.070
COULD RECOGNIZE, AND SO
00:35:53.070 --> 00:35:53.250
YOU HAVE THESE
00:35:53.250 --> 00:35:54.180
- STANLEY: AND THE
00:35:58.250 --> 00:35:59.110
PERSECUTIONS, OVER TIME,
00:35:59.110 --> 00:36:00.140
GO FROM INITIALLY
00:36:00.140 --> 00:36:01.130
SPASMODIC, QUITE LOCAL,
00:36:01.130 --> 00:36:03.190
NOT AS A OVERALL IMPERIAL
00:36:03.190 --> 00:36:05.230
POLICY, SLOWLY BECOME A
00:36:05.230 --> 00:36:06.280
BIT MORE OF THAT.
00:36:06.280 --> 00:36:08.100
THE FACT THAT THE
00:36:08.100 --> 00:36:09.180
PROSECUTIONS ARE FOCUSING
00:36:09.180 --> 00:36:10.280
MORE AND MORE ON
00:36:10.280 --> 00:36:13.000
LEADERSHIP, WELL, THAT
00:36:13.000 --> 00:36:13.210
SHOWS US THAT THERE IS
00:36:13.210 --> 00:36:14.280
SOME EMERGING SENSE OF THE
00:36:14.280 --> 00:36:16.200
- STANLEY: IN THIS
00:36:20.220 --> 00:36:21.080
CONTEXT OF THIS CHAOS, YOU
00:36:21.080 --> 00:36:22.080
DIOCLETIAN ASSUME THE THRONE.
00:36:25.010 --> 00:36:28.010
00:36:28.120 --> 00:36:31.120
- STANLEY: EMPEROR
00:36:40.230 --> 00:36:41.090
DIOCLETIAN DIVIDES THE
00:36:41.090 --> 00:36:42.050
ROMAN EMPIRE INTO EAST AND
00:36:42.050 --> 00:36:43.090
WEST, AND IT'S AT THAT
00:36:43.090 --> 00:36:44.280
POINT THAT WE GET THE
00:36:44.280 --> 00:36:46.000
EASTERN AND WESTERN
00:36:46.000 --> 00:36:47.150
CULTURAL DIVIDE, IF YOU WILL,
00:36:47.150 --> 00:36:48.200
THE GREEK AND LATIN WORLDS.
00:36:48.200 --> 00:36:50.040
HE DID IT IN THE NATURAL
00:36:50.040 --> 00:36:51.120
PLACE, BUT WE STILL HAVE
00:36:51.120 --> 00:36:52.270
THAT TO THIS DAY.
00:36:52.270 --> 00:36:53.220
WE REFER TO EASTERN EUROPE.
00:36:55.260 --> 00:36:58.260
00:37:00.070 --> 00:37:03.070
00:37:04.090 --> 00:37:07.090
- STANLEY: HE CREATED TWO
00:37:07.090 --> 00:37:07.280
EMPERORS FOR THE EAST AND
00:37:07.280 --> 00:37:09.080
WEST, AND TWO, IF YOU WILL,
00:37:09.080 --> 00:37:10.230
- STANLEY: AND SO, WHAT
00:37:15.200 --> 00:37:16.080
HE DID IS HE CREATED AN
00:37:16.080 --> 00:37:16.260
AUTHORITATIVE STRUCTURE
00:37:16.260 --> 00:37:17.140
THAT ALSO PROMOTED PEOPLE
00:37:17.140 --> 00:37:18.120
WHO COULD THEN CONTEND
00:37:18.120 --> 00:37:20.090
WITH EACH OTHER IF THEY
00:37:20.090 --> 00:37:21.170
- STANLEY: HE THEN DOES A
00:37:33.230 --> 00:37:34.120
REALLY SURPRISING THING.
00:37:34.120 --> 00:37:35.150
HE RETIRES.
00:37:35.170 --> 00:37:38.170
EMPERORS DON'T DO THAT.
00:37:38.170 --> 00:37:40.260
A CIVIL WAR ERUPTS WHEN HE
00:37:40.260 --> 00:37:41.180
RETIRES.
00:37:41.230 --> 00:37:44.230
THIS YOUNG UPSTART OUT OF
00:37:44.230 --> 00:37:46.010
YORK, SON OF ONE OF THE
00:37:46.010 --> 00:37:47.130
CO-EMPEROR, MARCHES ON ROME.
00:37:47.130 --> 00:37:49.250
THIS IS CONSTANTINE.
00:37:49.250 --> 00:37:52.220
[MUSIC]
00:37:52.220 --> 00:37:55.220
- STANLEY: HE
00:37:55.220 --> 00:37:56.210
WALL-MARCHED INTO ROME,
00:37:56.210 --> 00:37:57.280
HAS SOME SORT OF VISION.
00:37:57.280 --> 00:37:58.210
WE DON'T-- IT COULD'VE
00:37:58.210 --> 00:38:00.020
BEEN SHORTLY BEFORE.
00:38:00.020 --> 00:38:00.270
SOMETIMES IT SEEMS TO BE
00:38:00.270 --> 00:38:01.190
ABOUT THREE MONTHS BEFORE,
00:38:01.190 --> 00:38:02.190
BUT HE HAS SOME SORT OF VISION.
00:38:02.190 --> 00:38:03.130
HE SAYS HE SEES THE SIGN
00:38:03.130 --> 00:38:05.090
OF THE CROSS AND A VOICE
00:38:05.090 --> 00:38:06.250
SAYING, "CONQUER USING
00:38:06.250 --> 00:38:07.120
THIS SIGN,"
00:38:07.120 --> 00:38:09.110
"IN HOC SIGNO VINCES."
00:38:09.110 --> 00:38:12.070
CONSTANTINE HAS THE "CHI-RHO,"
00:38:12.070 --> 00:38:12.280
THE TRADITIONAL EARLY
00:38:12.280 --> 00:38:15.150
CHRISTIAN IMAGE OF CHRIST
00:38:15.150 --> 00:38:16.100
AND THE CROSS PAINTED ON
00:38:16.100 --> 00:38:18.130
THE SHIELDS OF SOLDIERS.
00:38:18.130 --> 00:38:19.260
THEY WERE OUTMANNED,
00:38:19.260 --> 00:38:21.060
SUBSTANTIALLY OUTNUMBERED,
00:38:21.060 --> 00:38:23.000
SO THEY'RE THE OFFENDERS,
00:38:23.000 --> 00:38:24.160
NOT THE DEFENDERS;
00:38:24.160 --> 00:38:25.110
OUTNUMBERED,
00:38:25.110 --> 00:38:26.270
AND THEY'RE GOING AGAINST
00:38:26.270 --> 00:38:29.260
A FORTIFIED LOCATION, AND
00:38:29.260 --> 00:38:30.150
THEY HAVE THE RIVER TIBER.
00:38:30.150 --> 00:38:32.110
EVEN MORE THAN THAT,
00:38:32.110 --> 00:38:33.100
HIS OPPONENT, THE OTHER
00:38:33.100 --> 00:38:34.200
GENERAL WANTING TO
00:38:34.200 --> 00:38:35.150
BE THE EMPEROR IN THE
00:38:35.150 --> 00:38:36.090
CIVIL WAR, MAXENTIUS,
00:38:36.090 --> 00:38:38.040
ACTUALLY DIES CROSSING
00:38:38.040 --> 00:38:39.130
THE RIVER.
00:38:44.180 --> 00:38:47.180
HIS BARGE IS HIT.
00:38:47.180 --> 00:38:48.220
IT SINKS, AND HE DIES IN
00:38:48.220 --> 00:38:49.130
HIS ARMOR.
00:38:49.190 --> 00:38:52.190
NOW, FOR A ROMAN, THAT'S AN
00:38:52.190 --> 00:38:54.010
IGNOMINIOUS DEATH.
00:38:54.040 --> 00:38:57.040
IT WAS A GIVEN IN THE
00:38:57.040 --> 00:38:58.030
ANCIENT WORLD, THE
00:38:58.030 --> 00:38:58.240
EMPERORS WOULD CHOOSE
00:38:58.240 --> 00:39:00.070
DIFFERENT GODS TO BE THEIR
00:39:00.070 --> 00:39:01.080
PATRONS.
00:39:01.080 --> 00:39:02.250
SO YOU HAVE LITERALLY THE
00:39:02.250 --> 00:39:04.070
GOD OF THE CHRISTIANS IN A
00:39:04.070 --> 00:39:06.190
CIVIL WAR WITH CONSTANTINE
00:39:06.190 --> 00:39:07.250
AND MAXENTIUS, UP AGAINST
00:39:07.250 --> 00:39:09.130
ANOTHER GOD.
00:39:09.130 --> 00:39:11.250
IT WAS OPPOSING OF
00:39:11.250 --> 00:39:12.210
CONSTANTINE AND HIS PATRON
00:39:12.210 --> 00:39:14.050
GOD AGAINST MAXENTIUS AND HIS.
00:39:15.040 --> 00:39:18.040
[MUSIC]
00:39:18.040 --> 00:39:19.210
- STANLEY: AND THIS PLAYS
00:39:19.210 --> 00:39:20.100
INTO THE MIND-SET OF
00:39:20.100 --> 00:39:21.010
CHRISTIANS.
00:39:21.010 --> 00:39:21.240
THEY'VE JUST EXPERIENCED
00:39:21.240 --> 00:39:22.170
SEVERAL HORRIBLE
00:39:22.170 --> 00:39:23.100
PERSECUTIONS.
00:39:23.100 --> 00:39:24.160
YOU HAVE THIS YOUNG
00:39:24.160 --> 00:39:27.090
UPSTART OF YORK WIN A
00:39:27.090 --> 00:39:29.260
BATTLE HE SHOULDN'T HAVE WON.
00:39:29.260 --> 00:39:31.060
HE'S SEEN THE OPPONENT
00:39:31.060 --> 00:39:33.140
KILLED IN A IGNOMINIOUS
00:39:33.140 --> 00:39:34.150
WAY, AND THE RESPONSE WAS
00:39:34.150 --> 00:39:35.140
THIS DELIGHT, THIS
00:39:35.140 --> 00:39:37.170
EXCITEMENT, THIS
00:39:37.170 --> 00:39:38.080
OUTPOURING OF SUPPORT:
00:39:38.080 --> 00:39:40.130
"CONSTANTINE IS OUR MAN."
00:39:40.130 --> 00:39:42.240
"CONSTANTINE HAS BEEN
00:39:42.240 --> 00:39:43.110
CALLED BY GOD."
00:39:43.110 --> 00:39:45.120
"CONSTANTINE HAS BROUGHT
00:39:45.120 --> 00:39:46.010
- JUSTO: CONSTANTINE
00:39:54.290 --> 00:39:55.160
BECAME THE SOLE EMPEROR,
00:39:55.160 --> 00:39:57.140
BUT EVENTUALLY, HE'S THE
00:39:57.140 --> 00:39:59.110
ONE WHO NOT ONLY PUTS AN
00:39:59.110 --> 00:40:00.140
END TO THE PERSECUTIONS,
00:40:00.140 --> 00:40:03.030
BUT STARTS FAVORING THE
00:40:03.030 --> 00:40:03.210
CHURCH IN VARIOUS WAYS.
00:40:03.280 --> 00:40:06.280
- JONATHAN: CONSTANTINE
00:40:06.280 --> 00:40:07.160
DIDN'T IMPOSE CHRISTIANITY
00:40:07.160 --> 00:40:08.170
ON THE EMPIRE.
00:40:08.170 --> 00:40:09.230
HE DIDN'T FORCE ANYBODY TO
00:40:09.230 --> 00:40:11.120
BECOME A CHRISTIAN.
00:40:11.120 --> 00:40:12.210
HE ALLOWED CHRISTIANITY TO
00:40:12.210 --> 00:40:14.010
BE PRACTICED, AND BY HIS
00:40:14.010 --> 00:40:15.210
- JONATHAN: IF THE
00:40:21.180 --> 00:40:22.040
EMPEROR GROWS A BEARD,
00:40:22.040 --> 00:40:22.210
EVERYBODY GROWS A BEARD.
00:40:22.210 --> 00:40:24.040
- STANLEY: AND, SUDDENLY,
00:40:24.040 --> 00:40:24.230
INSTEAD OF BISHOPS BEING
00:40:24.230 --> 00:40:26.130
PERSECUTED AND BEING ASKED
00:40:26.130 --> 00:40:27.250
TO BURN THE BIBLES AND
00:40:27.250 --> 00:40:28.220
RENOUNCE CHRIST, YOU HAVE
00:40:28.220 --> 00:40:29.210
BISHOPS IN THE IMPERIAL
00:40:29.210 --> 00:40:30.210
- STANLEY: AND IT'S
00:40:35.130 --> 00:40:36.050
DURING THIS TIME THAT THE
00:40:36.050 --> 00:40:37.050
CHURCH BEGINS TO
00:40:37.050 --> 00:40:38.070
RECONSIDER ITS PLACE, ITS
00:40:38.070 --> 00:40:39.020
IDENTITY, AND YOU SEE THIS
00:40:39.020 --> 00:40:40.080
IN EUSEBIUS' CHURCH HISTORY.
00:40:40.080 --> 00:40:41.240
WE HAVE EUSEBIUS POSITING
00:40:41.240 --> 00:40:44.110
CONSTANTINE AS GOD'S NEXT
00:40:45.090 --> 00:40:48.090
STEP BEYOND CHRIST AND
00:40:48.090 --> 00:40:49.150
SALVATION HISTORY SO THAT
00:40:49.150 --> 00:40:51.000
CONSTANTINE IS MOVING THE
00:40:51.000 --> 00:40:52.180
WORLD FORWARD IN GOD'S
00:40:52.180 --> 00:40:55.010
INTENDED PLAN FOR HISTORY
00:40:55.010 --> 00:40:55.250
BECAUSE HE'S
00:40:55.250 --> 00:40:58.070
CHRISTIANIZING.
00:40:58.070 --> 00:40:59.140
HE'S MADE ROME CHRISTIAN.
00:40:59.140 --> 00:41:01.110
HE'S TURNING ROMAN
00:41:01.110 --> 00:41:02.140
ROADS, THIS GREAT ENGINEERING
00:41:02.140 --> 00:41:03.060
MARVEL OF THE WORLD.
00:41:03.060 --> 00:41:05.030
HE'S MAKING THEM TOOLS FOR
00:41:05.030 --> 00:41:06.260
PROPAGATING THE GOSPEL,
00:41:06.260 --> 00:41:08.110
SO, OF COURSE, GOD MUST
00:41:08.110 --> 00:41:09.150
- STANLEY: AND SO THEY
00:41:13.250 --> 00:41:14.130
THINK IN TERMS OF THE
00:41:14.130 --> 00:41:15.060
PEACE OF THE GODS, AND NOW
00:41:15.060 --> 00:41:17.150
IT'S NOT "THE GODS," BUT
00:41:17.150 --> 00:41:18.100
THE PEACE OF GOD PLAYING
00:41:18.100 --> 00:41:19.120
OUT THROUGH ROMAN CULTURE
00:41:19.120 --> 00:41:20.190
- STANLEY: YOU HAVE THE
00:41:24.090 --> 00:41:24.270
SAME THEOLOGICAL VISION,
00:41:24.270 --> 00:41:27.000
POLITICAL PAGAN VISION,
00:41:27.000 --> 00:41:28.160
- JONATHAN; PALESTINE, AT
00:41:32.140 --> 00:41:33.030
THIS POINT, WAS A VERY
00:41:33.030 --> 00:41:35.000
PAGAN AREA EVER SINCE A.D. 70,
00:41:35.000 --> 00:41:36.220
WHEN THE ROMANS HAD
00:41:36.220 --> 00:41:38.260
DESTROYED JERUSALEM, BUT
00:41:38.260 --> 00:41:40.040
WHEN CONSTANTINE BECAME
00:41:40.040 --> 00:41:42.020
EMPEROR, HE TRANSFORMED
00:41:42.020 --> 00:41:43.040
PALESTINE.
00:41:43.040 --> 00:41:45.000
HE BUILT ENORMOUS CHURCHES
00:41:45.000 --> 00:41:45.240
TO CELEBRATE THE GREAT
00:41:45.240 --> 00:41:47.120
EVENTS RECOUNTED IN THE
00:41:47.120 --> 00:41:49.030
GOSPELS, THE BIRTH OF
00:41:49.030 --> 00:41:50.230
CHRIST IN BETHLEHEM, THE
00:41:50.230 --> 00:41:51.200
DEATH AND BURIAL OF CHRIST
00:41:51.270 --> 00:41:54.270
IN JERUSALEM, AND THESE
00:41:54.270 --> 00:41:55.190
GREAT CHURCHES TRANSFORMED
00:41:55.190 --> 00:41:57.280
PALESTINE INTO A CENTER OF
00:41:57.280 --> 00:41:59.130
PILGRIMAGE AND CHANGED THE
00:41:59.130 --> 00:42:01.100
RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF
00:42:01.100 --> 00:42:02.080
- STANLEY: CONSTANTINE
00:42:08.120 --> 00:42:09.010
WAS ALSO A BRUTAL
00:42:09.010 --> 00:42:09.280
DICTATOR, SO LET'S NOT
00:42:09.280 --> 00:42:11.210
PRETEND THAT WE HAVE A
00:42:11.210 --> 00:42:13.010
CHARMING, GENTLE LEADER.
00:42:13.010 --> 00:42:14.170
- JUSTO: HE ORDERED HIS
00:42:14.170 --> 00:42:17.000
OWN SON EXECUTED BECAUSE
00:42:17.000 --> 00:42:17.270
HE SUSPECTED THAT HIS SON
00:42:17.270 --> 00:42:19.080
WAS CONSPIRING AGAINST HIM.
00:42:19.080 --> 00:42:21.140
AT THE SAME TIME,
00:42:21.140 --> 00:42:23.160
THROUGHOUT HIS LIFE, HE
00:42:23.160 --> 00:42:24.270
WAS THE HIGH PRIEST OF
00:42:24.270 --> 00:42:26.130
- JUSTO: YOU BEGIN
00:42:32.220 --> 00:42:33.080
WONDERING ABOUT ALL THIS
00:42:33.080 --> 00:42:34.100
CHEAP CHRISTIANITY
00:42:34.100 --> 00:42:35.160
THAT'S DEVELOPING AROUND
00:42:35.160 --> 00:42:36.090
YOU, AND ONE OF THE
00:42:36.090 --> 00:42:37.210
OPTIONS--THERE ARE MANY
00:42:37.210 --> 00:42:38.210
OPTIONS, BUT ONE OF THE
00:42:38.210 --> 00:42:40.060
OPTIONS SAY, "I'M GONNA GO
00:42:40.060 --> 00:42:40.250
AWAY SOMEPLACE AND GET
00:42:40.250 --> 00:42:41.150
AWAY FROM THIS CORRUPT
00:42:41.150 --> 00:42:42.270
SOCIETY," AND THE WORD FOR
00:42:42.270 --> 00:42:45.010
SOMEBODY WHO FLEES,
00:42:45.010 --> 00:42:47.090
EVENTUALLY BECAME THE WORD
00:42:47.090 --> 00:42:48.160
- JUSTO: YOU HAVE TO
00:42:53.040 --> 00:42:55.050
UNDERSTAND THE POWER OF
00:42:55.050 --> 00:42:56.070
THE MONASTIC MOVEMENT IN
00:42:56.070 --> 00:42:57.090
THOSE YEARS.
00:42:57.200 --> 00:43:00.220
YOU HAVE ALL THESE PEOPLE
00:43:00.220 --> 00:43:01.110
THAT HAVE BEEN TRAINING
00:43:01.110 --> 00:43:01.290
FOR MARTYRDOM.
00:43:02.210 --> 00:43:05.210
- DAVID: MONASTICISM IS
00:43:05.210 --> 00:43:06.210
JUST A PARTICULAR FORM OF
00:43:06.210 --> 00:43:08.030
CHRISTIAN ASCETICISM,
00:43:08.030 --> 00:43:10.100
TAKING VERY SERIOUSLY WHAT
00:43:10.100 --> 00:43:10.290
IT LOOKS LIKE TO BE REALLY
00:43:10.290 --> 00:43:12.130
INTENTIONAL AND WANTING TO
00:43:12.130 --> 00:43:14.120
DO THAT IN A WAY THAT IS
00:43:14.120 --> 00:43:15.170
DENYING THE FLESH IN ORDER
00:43:15.280 --> 00:43:18.280
TO GIVE LIFE TO THE
00:43:18.280 --> 00:43:19.280
- DAVID: FROM THE VERY
00:43:23.190 --> 00:43:24.070
BEGINNING, WE HAVE
00:43:24.070 --> 00:43:25.010
CHRISTIAN ASCETICISM BEING
00:43:25.010 --> 00:43:25.230
INCREDIBLY IMPORTANT FOR
00:43:25.230 --> 00:43:26.280
THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY.
00:43:26.280 --> 00:43:28.110
WHAT CHANGES WITH
00:43:28.110 --> 00:43:30.070
MONASTICISM IS THAT YOU
00:43:30.070 --> 00:43:31.200
HAVE PEOPLE MOVING OUT TO
00:43:31.200 --> 00:43:33.110
PLACES THAT REMOVE THEM
00:43:33.110 --> 00:43:35.170
FROM THE CITY, AND SO THAT
00:43:35.170 --> 00:43:37.040
FORM OF ASCETICISM BECOMES
00:43:37.040 --> 00:43:38.010
PROMINENT IN PLACES LIKE
00:43:38.010 --> 00:43:39.090
- JERRY: THE LIFE OF
00:43:46.180 --> 00:43:47.110
ST. ANTHONY," WRITTEN BY
00:43:47.110 --> 00:43:49.180
ATHANASIUS, ENDED UP
00:43:49.180 --> 00:43:51.190
BECOMING, SORT OF, LIKE A
00:43:51.190 --> 00:43:53.170
GUIDEBOOK OR INSPIRATION
00:43:53.170 --> 00:43:55.290
- JERRY: HE WAS SO MUCH
00:44:00.230 --> 00:44:01.220
INTO THE SPIRITUAL SIDE OF
00:44:01.220 --> 00:44:03.140
THINGS, THAT WHEN THE
00:44:03.250 --> 00:44:06.250
EMPEROR CONSTANTINE WROTE
00:44:06.250 --> 00:44:08.010
HIM, HE WASN'T EVEN GOING TO
00:44:08.010 --> 00:44:10.080
WRITE HIM BACK, AND HE
00:44:10.080 --> 00:44:11.080
ENDED UP BASICALLY
00:44:11.080 --> 00:44:12.010
CHASTISING THEM FOR FOCUSING
00:44:12.010 --> 00:44:13.100
- JUSTO: BUT THEN YOU
00:44:22.170 --> 00:44:23.040
HAVE MONKS WHO BECOME THE
00:44:23.040 --> 00:44:25.210
PEOPLE WHO COPY SCRIPTURES
00:44:25.210 --> 00:44:27.000
AND OTHER DOCUMENTS.
00:44:27.000 --> 00:44:28.140
THEY ARE THE ONES WHO
00:44:28.140 --> 00:44:29.170
TRANSMIT THE KNOWLEDGE OF
00:44:29.170 --> 00:44:30.130
ANTIQUITY AND THE
00:44:30.130 --> 00:44:31.130
SCRIPTURE IT'S ON.
00:44:31.130 --> 00:44:34.080
[MUSIC]
00:44:35.030 --> 00:44:38.030
- CATHERINE: IF YOU READ
00:44:38.030 --> 00:44:39.170
THE NEW TESTAMENT,
00:44:39.170 --> 00:44:40.020
PARTICULARLY THE BOOK OF
00:44:40.020 --> 00:44:41.000
ACTS AND PASTORAL EPISTLES,
00:44:41.000 --> 00:44:41.260
WOMEN HAD A ROLE.
00:44:42.290 --> 00:44:45.290
THEY WERE THE ONES WHO DID
00:44:45.290 --> 00:44:46.180
A LOT OF THE CARE FOR THE SICK.
00:44:46.180 --> 00:44:48.050
THEY ALSO, IF THE CHURCH
00:44:48.050 --> 00:44:50.000
PICKED UP ABANDONED BABIES,
00:44:50.000 --> 00:44:51.200
THEY WERE PART OF THE GROUP
00:44:51.260 --> 00:44:54.260
THAT HELPED TO RAISE THEM.
00:44:54.260 --> 00:44:55.180
IN THE SECOND CENTURY, WE
00:44:55.180 --> 00:44:57.090
KNOW THAT THEY WERE
00:44:57.090 --> 00:44:58.130
INVOLVED IN THE
00:44:58.130 --> 00:44:59.110
CATECHUMENATE FOR WOMEN.
00:44:59.110 --> 00:45:00.260
IT WOULDN'T HAVE BEEN
00:45:00.260 --> 00:45:01.130
THINKABLE FOR THAT TO BE
00:45:01.130 --> 00:45:03.240
- CATHERINE: THE
00:45:11.150 --> 00:45:12.000
CONSECRATION OF DEACONESS,
00:45:12.000 --> 00:45:12.190
THIS OCCURS CLEARLY IN THE
00:45:12.190 --> 00:45:13.100
SECOND CENTURY, WHICH GAVE
00:45:13.100 --> 00:45:14.210
THEM A LITTLE MORE
00:45:14.210 --> 00:45:15.190
AUTHORITY, A LITTLE MORE--
00:45:15.190 --> 00:45:16.170
A KIND OF WAY INTO THE
00:45:16.170 --> 00:45:18.030
MORE HIERARCHICAL
00:45:18.030 --> 00:45:19.070
STRUCTURE.
00:45:19.070 --> 00:45:20.200
THEY WERE ACTIVE IN THE
00:45:20.200 --> 00:45:21.210
SOCIETY.
00:45:21.210 --> 00:45:22.170
THEY WERE OUT, DOING
00:45:22.170 --> 00:45:23.070
- CATHERINE: WHEN
00:45:27.130 --> 00:45:28.000
MONASTICISM BEGAN,
00:45:28.000 --> 00:45:28.290
ESPECIALLY AFTER
00:45:28.290 --> 00:45:30.240
CONSTANTINE, MANY IN THE
00:45:30.240 --> 00:45:32.220
LOCAL CHURCH SAY,
00:45:32.220 --> 00:45:34.130
"WHAT ARE THESE WOMEN
00:45:34.130 --> 00:45:35.010
DOING HERE?"
00:45:35.010 --> 00:45:36.190
I MEAN, THE CATECHUMENATE
00:45:36.190 --> 00:45:37.080
IS DYING.
00:45:37.080 --> 00:45:39.070
YOU WEREN'T HAVING
00:45:39.070 --> 00:45:39.240
CHILDREN ABANDONED.
00:45:39.240 --> 00:45:40.270
THAT'S ONE THING THAT THE
00:45:40.270 --> 00:45:41.270
CHURCH DID GET RID OF
00:45:41.270 --> 00:45:43.050
FAIRLY QUICKLY.
00:45:43.050 --> 00:45:43.260
SO THEY WERE, IN A SENSE,
00:45:43.260 --> 00:45:45.100
FORCED OUT TO THE DESERT
00:45:45.100 --> 00:45:47.120
TO PARALLEL WHAT WAS
00:45:47.120 --> 00:45:49.120
HAPPENING WITH THE MEN.
00:45:49.120 --> 00:45:51.050
THAT MEANT THAT THEIR
00:45:51.050 --> 00:45:52.060
MINISTRY WAS NO LONGER
00:45:52.060 --> 00:45:54.000
CONSIDERED NECESSARY IN
00:45:54.000 --> 00:45:55.050
THE LOCAL CHURCH, AND IT
00:45:55.050 --> 00:45:56.000
WAS TAKEN OUT, AND THEY
00:45:56.000 --> 00:45:57.030
- CATHERINE: FOR
00:46:02.120 --> 00:46:04.110
CENTURIES, IN A SENSE, THE
00:46:04.110 --> 00:46:07.050
VOCATION OF A WOMAN NO
00:46:07.050 --> 00:46:08.160
LONGER COULD BE ANY FORM
00:46:08.160 --> 00:46:09.180
OF MINISTRY IN A LOCAL
00:46:09.180 --> 00:46:10.210
CHURCH, BUT THEY'RE ALWAYS
00:46:10.210 --> 00:46:12.110
PUSHING AGAINST SIMPLY
00:46:12.110 --> 00:46:13.150
BEING CLOISTERED EXCEPT
00:46:13.150 --> 00:46:15.280
FOR A FEW REALLY
00:46:15.280 --> 00:46:17.000
CLOISTERED ORDERS THAT
00:46:17.000 --> 00:46:18.050
- JUSTO: THE MONASTERIES
00:46:22.000 --> 00:46:22.190
BECOME SCHOOLS.
00:46:22.190 --> 00:46:23.130
THE MONASTERIES BECOME
00:46:23.130 --> 00:46:24.090
00:46:30.240 --> 00:46:33.240
- STANLEY: THIS WAS ALSO
00:46:41.000 --> 00:46:41.190
A TIME OF GREAT
00:46:41.190 --> 00:46:42.100
THEOLOGICAL DEBATE WITHIN
00:46:42.100 --> 00:46:42.290
THE CHURCH OVER THE NATURE
00:46:42.290 --> 00:46:43.280
OF THE GODHEAD, AND YOU
00:46:43.280 --> 00:46:45.120
HAD THROUGH THIS TRADITION
00:46:45.120 --> 00:46:47.230
THAT IS OFTEN CALLED THE
00:46:47.230 --> 00:46:48.110
ARIANS, THOSE WHO FOLLOWED
00:46:48.110 --> 00:46:49.290
ARIUS, WHO POSITED THAT
00:46:50.130 --> 00:46:53.130
GOD IS ONE AND THAT
00:46:53.130 --> 00:46:55.200
JESUS CHRIST WAS A HUMAN
00:46:55.200 --> 00:46:56.220
ADOPTED BY GOD, GIVEN, IF
00:46:56.220 --> 00:46:58.060
YOU WILL, KIND OF SEMIDIVINE
00:46:58.060 --> 00:46:59.050
STATUS AND POSITION,
00:47:01.160 --> 00:47:04.160
AND A ROLE OF REDEMPTION,
00:47:04.160 --> 00:47:05.050
BUT NOT A FULL TRIUNE FUNCTION.
00:47:07.290 --> 00:47:10.290
- STANLEY: AND THEN YOU
00:47:10.290 --> 00:47:11.170
HAD THOSE WHO REPRESENTED
00:47:11.170 --> 00:47:12.130
THAT GOD IS THREE, THE
00:47:12.130 --> 00:47:14.020
NOTION OF THE TRINITY.
00:47:14.020 --> 00:47:16.050
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS
00:47:16.050 --> 00:47:17.250
CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE OF THE
00:47:17.250 --> 00:47:18.170
TRINITY IS SOMETHING THAT
00:47:18.170 --> 00:47:21.040
GROWS SLOWLY OVER THE
00:47:21.040 --> 00:47:23.110
COURSE OF SEVERAL CENTURIES.
00:47:23.190 --> 00:47:26.190
THERE ARE CERTAINLY EARLY
00:47:26.190 --> 00:47:27.080
INDICATIONS OF IT, BUT
00:47:27.080 --> 00:47:28.110
IT'S NOT A CLEAR AND
00:47:28.110 --> 00:47:29.130
OBVIOUS PATTERN FROM THE
00:47:29.130 --> 00:47:31.110
VERY FIRST.
00:47:31.110 --> 00:47:32.270
WE HAVE TO BE CAREFUL NOT
00:47:32.270 --> 00:47:33.160
- STANLEY: BUT THEN YOU
00:47:38.140 --> 00:47:39.020
HAVE CONSTANTINE CALLING
00:47:39.020 --> 00:47:40.030
THE COUNCIL OF NICAEA.
00:47:41.060 --> 00:47:44.060
NOW, ALMOST ALL CHRISTIAN
00:47:44.060 --> 00:47:44.250
CHURCHES TO THIS DAY,
00:47:44.250 --> 00:47:45.280
WHETHER THEY KNOW IT OR NOT,
00:47:45.280 --> 00:47:46.180
ARE DEPENDENT UPON THIS
00:47:46.180 --> 00:47:49.020
COUNCIL AND USE THE CREED
00:47:49.020 --> 00:47:50.170
OF NICAEA.
00:47:50.170 --> 00:47:52.010
IT'S A FUNDAMENTAL,
00:47:52.010 --> 00:47:52.220
DEFINING CREED IN THE LIFE
00:47:52.220 --> 00:47:54.000
- CHILDREN: I BELIEVE IN
00:47:57.200 --> 00:47:58.090
ONE GOD, THE FATHER
00:47:58.090 --> 00:47:59.170
ALMIGHTY, MAKER OF HEAVEN
00:47:59.170 --> 00:48:02.190
AND EARTH, OF ALL THINGS
00:48:02.190 --> 00:48:03.190
VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE.
00:48:03.190 --> 00:48:06.030
I BELIEVE IN ONE LORD,
00:48:06.080 --> 00:48:09.080
JESUS CHRIST, THE ONLY
00:48:09.080 --> 00:48:10.050
BEGOTTEN SON OF GOD, BORN
00:48:10.050 --> 00:48:12.010
OF THE FATHER BEFORE ALL
00:48:12.010 --> 00:48:13.090
AGES, GOD FROM GOD, LIGHT
00:48:13.090 --> 00:48:16.030
FROM LIGHT, TRUE GOD FROM
00:48:16.030 --> 00:48:18.160
- DENNIS: IN A.D. 330,
00:48:24.020 --> 00:48:25.020
CONSTANTINE MOVED THE
00:48:25.020 --> 00:48:26.220
CAPITAL OF THE EMPIRE TO
00:48:26.220 --> 00:48:27.240
BYZANTIUM AND RENAMED THE
00:48:27.240 --> 00:48:29.130
CITY CONSTANTINOPLE,
00:48:29.130 --> 00:48:31.200
MODERN-DAY ISTANBUL IN THE
00:48:31.200 --> 00:48:33.230
COUNTRY OF TURKEY.
00:48:33.230 --> 00:48:35.260
AND IN A.D. 337,
00:48:35.260 --> 00:48:37.080
THE FIRST CHRISTIAN
00:48:37.080 --> 00:48:38.150
EMPEROR, IN THE KNOWLEDGE
00:48:38.150 --> 00:48:40.100
THAT HE WAS DYING OF AN
00:48:40.100 --> 00:48:41.060
- JERRY: THEN THERE
00:48:46.180 --> 00:48:47.160
BECAME FOUR SEATS OF POWER
00:48:47.160 --> 00:48:49.270
IN CHRISTIANITY, SO YOU
00:48:49.270 --> 00:48:51.150
HAVE ROME, YOU HAVE
00:48:51.150 --> 00:48:52.130
ALEXANDRIA, YOU HAVE
00:48:52.130 --> 00:48:53.060
ANTIOCH, AND THEN AFTER
00:48:53.060 --> 00:48:55.070
A.D. 390,
00:48:55.070 --> 00:48:56.210
- DIARMAID: ORTHODOXY IS
00:49:00.210 --> 00:49:01.140
SOMETHING WHICH EVOLVED
00:49:01.140 --> 00:49:03.080
OVER THREE OR FOUR
00:49:03.080 --> 00:49:04.220
CENTURIES IN THE EARLY
00:49:04.220 --> 00:49:05.240
STORY OF THE CHURCH.
00:49:05.240 --> 00:49:07.070
NOW, THE PEOPLE WHO CALL
00:49:07.070 --> 00:49:08.200
THEMSELVES ORTHODOX NOW
00:49:08.200 --> 00:49:09.160
WOULD LOOK DOWN ON EARLIER
00:49:09.160 --> 00:49:11.210
CHRISTIANS WHO HAVE
00:49:11.210 --> 00:49:13.090
SURVIVED, WHO ARE NOW
00:49:13.090 --> 00:49:15.060
GENERALLY CALLED THE
00:49:15.060 --> 00:49:16.210
ORIENTAL ORTHODOX.
00:49:16.210 --> 00:49:19.190
AND AS FAR AS THE ORTHODOX
00:49:19.190 --> 00:49:20.080
ARE CONCERNED, THEY ARE
00:49:20.080 --> 00:49:20.260
UNORTHODOX.
00:49:20.260 --> 00:49:22.080
SO, YOU SEE, ORTHODOXIES
00:49:22.080 --> 00:49:22.260
ARE IN THE EYE OF THE BEHOLDER.
00:49:24.180 --> 00:49:27.180
THE CHRISTIANITY OF THE
00:49:27.180 --> 00:49:28.060
PRESENT DAY IS UTTERLY
00:49:28.060 --> 00:49:29.070
DIFFERENT FROM THE BEGINNING.
00:49:30.260 --> 00:49:33.260
IT'S UNITED BY ITS FOCUS
00:49:33.260 --> 00:49:35.160
ON A PERSON,
00:49:35.160 --> 00:49:37.150
THE PERSON OF JESUS
00:49:37.150 --> 00:49:38.120
00:49:45.040 --> 00:49:48.040
- STANLEY: AS WE HAVE
00:49:54.170 --> 00:49:55.040
CONSTANTINE'S SUCCESSORS
00:49:55.040 --> 00:49:56.040
MOVING ALONG AND MOVING,
00:49:56.040 --> 00:49:58.120
TAKING NEW STEPS.
00:49:58.120 --> 00:49:59.210
AT THE SAME TIME, WE HAVE
00:49:59.210 --> 00:50:00.100
SOME OF THE EMPERORS
00:50:00.100 --> 00:50:01.030
PROCLAIMING ARIAN
00:50:01.030 --> 00:50:02.090
CHRISTIANITY, THIS
00:50:02.090 --> 00:50:03.250
ALTERNATE FORM AS THE
00:50:03.250 --> 00:50:04.140
OFFICIAL RELIGION, SO IT'S
00:50:04.140 --> 00:50:05.270
NOT JUST "CHRISTIANITY IS
00:50:05.270 --> 00:50:07.020
LEGAL, AN OFFICIAL FORM,"
00:50:07.020 --> 00:50:07.220
BUT IT'S "WHICH
00:50:07.220 --> 00:50:09.260
CHRISTIANITY?"
00:50:09.260 --> 00:50:11.250
[MUSIC]
00:50:11.250 --> 00:50:12.170
- JONATHAN: AND YOU SEE
00:50:12.170 --> 00:50:13.050
ACROSS THE FOURTH CENTURY,
00:50:13.050 --> 00:50:14.080
THIS GROWTH OF
00:50:14.080 --> 00:50:14.280
CHRISTIANITY INTO A STATE
00:50:14.280 --> 00:50:15.280
RELIGION.
00:50:15.280 --> 00:50:18.050
[MUSIC]
00:50:18.050 --> 00:50:19.090
- STANLEY: AND IN 386,
00:50:19.090 --> 00:50:20.250
ANOTHER EMPEROR,
00:50:20.250 --> 00:50:21.200
THEODOSIUS THE GREAT, FOR
00:50:21.200 --> 00:50:22.090
THE FIRST TIME, MAKES
00:50:22.090 --> 00:50:23.220
CHRISTIANITY THE OFFICIAL,
00:50:23.220 --> 00:50:25.140
SOLE RELIGION OF THE
00:50:25.140 --> 00:50:26.230
EMPIRE.
00:50:26.230 --> 00:50:27.180
[MUSIC]
00:50:27.180 --> 00:50:28.160
- JONATHAN: IT BECOMES
00:50:28.160 --> 00:50:29.040
MANDATED.
00:50:29.040 --> 00:50:29.270
IT BECOMES EXPECTED THAT
00:50:29.270 --> 00:50:30.250
PEOPLE SHOULD BE
00:50:30.250 --> 00:50:32.030
CHRISTIANS, AND, OF
00:50:32.030 --> 00:50:32.190
COURSE, SOME OF THE
00:50:32.190 --> 00:50:34.190
CHRISTIANS WOULD SAY,
00:50:34.190 --> 00:50:35.140
"THIS IS A VERY BAD
00:50:35.140 --> 00:50:36.110
THING," THAT CHRISTIANITY
00:50:36.110 --> 00:50:37.280
IS NOT A RELIGION TO BE
00:50:37.280 --> 00:50:38.240
IMPOSED UPON PEOPLE.
00:50:38.240 --> 00:50:40.150
[MUSIC]
00:50:40.240 --> 00:50:43.240
- STANLEY: BEING A
00:50:43.240 --> 00:50:44.110
CHRISTIAN IS TIED IN WITH
00:50:44.110 --> 00:50:45.140
POLITICAL LEADERSHIP.
00:50:45.140 --> 00:50:47.030
IT IS TIED INTO IMPERIAL
00:50:47.030 --> 00:50:47.240
RULE.
00:50:47.240 --> 00:50:50.190
SO IT'S INTO THIS CONTEXT
00:50:50.190 --> 00:50:51.080
THAT THIS YOUNG MAN IN
00:50:51.080 --> 00:50:52.050
NORTH AFRICA, AUGUSTINE
00:50:52.200 --> 00:50:55.200
IS BORN.
00:50:55.200 --> 00:50:57.250
- JUSTO: HIS MOTHER WANTS
00:50:57.250 --> 00:50:59.250
HIM TO BE A CHRISTIAN LIKE
00:50:59.250 --> 00:51:00.160
SHE IS, BUT SHE ALSO WANTS
00:51:00.160 --> 00:51:02.180
HIM TO BE A ROMAN LIKE HIS
00:51:02.180 --> 00:51:03.280
FATHER IS BECAUSE THAT'S
00:51:03.280 --> 00:51:05.120
THE WAY UP IN SOCIETY.
00:51:05.120 --> 00:51:07.190
[MUSIC]
00:51:07.190 --> 00:51:10.120
- STANLEY: AUGUSTINE
00:51:10.120 --> 00:51:11.030
IMPLICITLY HAD THIS NOTION
00:51:11.030 --> 00:51:12.140
THAT GOD MUST BE GOOD, AND
00:51:12.140 --> 00:51:13.260
THE GOD THAT HE SAW
00:51:13.260 --> 00:51:14.210
PRESENTED TO HIM DID NOT
00:51:14.210 --> 00:51:15.230
MAKE ANY SENSE.
00:51:15.230 --> 00:51:16.160
SO AUGUSTINE AS A TEENAGER
00:51:16.160 --> 00:51:18.010
LEAVES THE CHURCH, AND HE
00:51:18.040 --> 00:51:21.040
GOES UP TO MILAN WHERE THE
00:51:21.040 --> 00:51:22.000
IMPERIAL COURT WAS BASED.
00:51:22.000 --> 00:51:23.170
HE COMES UNDER THE INFLUENCE
00:51:23.260 --> 00:51:26.260
OF THE BISHOP OF MILAN, AMBROSE.
00:51:26.260 --> 00:51:28.250
- MALE NARRATOR
00:51:28.250 --> 00:51:31.130
(AUGUSTINE): I BEGAN TO
00:51:31.130 --> 00:51:34.030
LOVE AMBROSE, OF COURSE,
00:51:34.030 --> 00:51:36.030
NOT AT THE FIRST AS A
00:51:36.160 --> 00:51:39.160
TEACHER OF THE TRUTH, FOR
00:51:39.160 --> 00:51:41.130
I HAD ENTIRELY DESPAIRED
00:51:41.130 --> 00:51:43.030
OF FINDING THAT IN
00:51:43.030 --> 00:51:45.100
THE CHURCH.
00:51:45.290 --> 00:51:48.290
AND WHILE I OPEN MY HEART
00:51:48.290 --> 00:51:51.060
TO ACKNOWLEDGE HOW
00:51:51.060 --> 00:51:52.070
SKILLFULLY HE SPOKE, THERE
00:51:52.070 --> 00:51:53.280
ALSO CAME AN AWARENESS OF
00:51:54.100 --> 00:51:57.100
HOW TRULY HE SPOKE."
00:51:59.000 --> 00:52:02.020
- STANLEY: AND THEN IT'S
00:52:02.020 --> 00:52:03.160
DURING THIS TIME HE BEGINS
00:52:03.160 --> 00:52:04.050
TO RETHINK OF EVIL AS A
00:52:04.050 --> 00:52:04.230
KIND OF CORROSION OR
00:52:04.230 --> 00:52:05.120
CORRUPTION.
00:52:05.120 --> 00:52:06.290
IT'S A TWISTING.
00:52:06.290 --> 00:52:07.220
IT'S AN UNMAKING.
00:52:07.220 --> 00:52:09.220
GOD MAKES SOMETHING OUT OF
00:52:09.220 --> 00:52:10.210
NOTHING.
00:52:10.210 --> 00:52:11.230
WHAT EVIL IS, IS THIS
00:52:11.230 --> 00:52:13.080
MAKING OF NOTHING OUT OF
00:52:13.080 --> 00:52:14.090
SOMETHING.
00:52:14.090 --> 00:52:16.120
[MUSIC]
00:52:20.280 --> 00:52:23.280
- STANLEY: SO HE'S
00:52:23.280 --> 00:52:24.270
ACTUALLY GOING THROUGH
00:52:24.270 --> 00:52:26.040
NORTH AFRICA ON A, KIND
00:52:26.040 --> 00:52:27.030
OF, SPEAKING TOUR,
00:52:27.030 --> 00:52:28.030
IF YOU WILL.
00:52:28.030 --> 00:52:28.260
WHILE THERE, HE'S IN
00:52:28.260 --> 00:52:29.260
HIPPO, AND HIPPO'S PRIEST
00:52:29.260 --> 00:52:30.180
HAS RECENTLY DIED, AND HE
00:52:30.180 --> 00:52:31.160
IS FORCIBLY GRABBED AND
00:52:31.160 --> 00:52:33.080
MADE A PRIEST AGAINST
00:52:33.080 --> 00:52:34.270
HIS WILL.
00:52:34.270 --> 00:52:37.160
THIS HAPPENED SOMETIMES IN
00:52:37.160 --> 00:52:38.080
ANCIENT WORLD.
00:52:38.080 --> 00:52:40.180
[MUSIC]
00:52:40.180 --> 00:52:42.090
- STANLEY: AND SHORTLY
00:52:42.090 --> 00:52:42.270
THEREAFTER, HE'S MADE A
00:52:42.270 --> 00:52:43.260
CO-BISHOP, AND THEN
00:52:43.260 --> 00:52:44.260
BISHOP IN HIPPO, IN
00:52:44.260 --> 00:52:46.090
NORTH AFRICA.
00:52:46.090 --> 00:52:48.270
HE HAD A WORLDWIDE
00:52:48.270 --> 00:52:49.270
REPUTATION, AT THIS POINT,
00:52:49.270 --> 00:52:50.290
OR EMPIRE-WIDE REPUTATION
00:52:50.290 --> 00:52:51.240
IS GROWING.
00:52:51.240 --> 00:52:53.030
HE'S A KNOWN PERSON.
00:52:53.030 --> 00:52:54.210
[MUSIC]
00:52:55.080 --> 00:52:58.080
- JUSTO: HE SOON BECOMES
00:52:58.080 --> 00:52:59.130
RESPECTED BY MANY, MANY OF
00:52:59.130 --> 00:53:01.060
HIS COLLEAGUES, AND HIS
00:53:01.060 --> 00:53:02.050
WRITING BEGINS CIRCULATING AND
00:53:02.050 --> 00:53:04.160
SO ON.
00:53:04.160 --> 00:53:05.190
THOSE WRITINGS BECAME THE
00:53:05.190 --> 00:53:06.090
STANDARD INTERPRETATION OF
00:53:06.090 --> 00:53:09.020
PAUL THAT THE WESTERN
00:53:09.020 --> 00:53:10.130
CHURCH RECEIVED, AND
00:53:10.130 --> 00:53:11.270
THAT'S WHY, WHEN YOU COME
00:53:11.270 --> 00:53:14.170
TO THE 16TH CENTURY
00:53:14.170 --> 00:53:15.210
THROUGH THE REFORMATION,
00:53:15.210 --> 00:53:16.210
BOTH PROTESTANT AND
00:53:17.180 --> 00:53:20.180
CATHOLIC'S CLAIM OTHER THING.
00:53:21.030 --> 00:53:24.030
- JUSTO: IT'S IMPORTANT
00:53:24.030 --> 00:53:24.220
BECAUSE HE LIVED RIGHT AT
00:53:24.220 --> 00:53:25.130
THE END OF AN ERA.
00:53:26.080 --> 00:53:29.080
- STANLEY: ROME HAS
00:53:29.080 --> 00:53:29.280
EXPENDED A GREAT DEAL OF
00:53:29.280 --> 00:53:31.110
MONEY OVER THE COURSE OF
00:53:31.140 --> 00:53:34.140
THE 4TH CENTURY.
00:53:34.140 --> 00:53:35.050
IT HAS EXHAUSTED ITS
00:53:35.050 --> 00:53:37.030
RESOURCES, AND IT HAS MANY
00:53:37.030 --> 00:53:37.250
WARS, AND IT HAS
00:53:37.250 --> 00:53:38.230
INSUFFICIENT NUMBER OF
00:53:38.230 --> 00:53:40.000
SOLDIERS, AND THEY BEGIN
00:53:40.000 --> 00:53:41.240
DOING WHAT MANY OTHERS
00:53:41.240 --> 00:53:42.290
HAVE DONE OVER TIME: THEY
00:53:42.290 --> 00:53:44.000
HIRE MERCENARIES.
00:53:44.000 --> 00:53:46.120
THE ROMAN LEADERSHIP
00:53:46.120 --> 00:53:46.280
DIDN'T COUNT ON ONE
00:53:46.280 --> 00:53:47.290
IMPORTANT THING: THAT IS,
00:53:47.290 --> 00:53:49.110
IF YOU HAVE MERCENARIES,
00:53:49.110 --> 00:53:50.090
YOU NEED TO PAY THEM, AND
00:53:50.090 --> 00:53:51.060
IF YOU DON'T PAY THEM,
00:53:51.060 --> 00:53:52.010
THEY'VE GOT THE TOOLS TO REACT.
00:53:54.160 --> 00:53:57.160
BUT THERE'S ANOTHER INTERESTING
00:53:57.160 --> 00:53:58.080
PART OF IT.
00:53:58.080 --> 00:53:59.280
THESE MERCENARIES WERE ALL
00:53:59.280 --> 00:54:00.190
ARIAN CHRISTIANS, GOTHIC
00:54:00.190 --> 00:54:01.200
TRIBES WHO HAVE COME DOWN
00:54:01.200 --> 00:54:03.090
OUT OF THE NORTH, SO THEY
00:54:03.090 --> 00:54:04.100
REPRESENTED A GROWING
00:54:04.100 --> 00:54:05.250
POSITION OF HERESY, AND
00:54:05.250 --> 00:54:06.260
YOU HAVE ROMAN LEADERSHIP
00:54:06.260 --> 00:54:09.020
REPRESENTING CHRISTIANITY
00:54:09.020 --> 00:54:10.150
OF THE NICAEAN CREED, AND
00:54:10.150 --> 00:54:12.240
THEY DO SOMETHING IN 410
00:54:12.240 --> 00:54:14.000
THAT WAS UNHEARD OF,
00:54:14.180 --> 00:54:17.180
INCONCEIVABLE TO THE ROMAN
00:54:17.180 --> 00:54:19.010
MIND.
00:54:19.010 --> 00:54:22.000
- DIARMAID: THE CHRISTIAN
00:54:32.220 --> 00:54:33.110
LEADERSHIP HAD INVESTED SO
00:54:33.110 --> 00:54:34.040
MUCH IN THE IDEA THAT GOD
00:54:34.040 --> 00:54:35.200
WAS ON THE SIDE OF THE
00:54:35.200 --> 00:54:38.000
EMPIRE, AND SUDDENLY, IT
00:54:38.000 --> 00:54:39.290
SEEMED AS IF THE EMPIRE
00:54:39.290 --> 00:54:41.080
WAS COLLAPSING.
00:54:41.080 --> 00:54:44.060
- STANLEY: YOU HAVE
00:54:44.060 --> 00:54:45.100
ROMAN CHRISTIANS BESIEGED
00:54:45.100 --> 00:54:46.230
BY ARIAN CHRISTIANS.
00:54:46.230 --> 00:54:49.060
YOU HAVE THE ROMANS
00:54:49.060 --> 00:54:49.220
SAYING, "OUR GODS NEVER
00:54:49.220 --> 00:54:50.290
DID THIS TO US."
00:54:50.290 --> 00:54:52.220
"PAX DEORUM,"
00:54:52.220 --> 00:54:53.260
THE "PEACE OF THE GODS."
00:54:53.260 --> 00:54:54.270
"WELL, YOU'VE FAILED.
00:54:54.270 --> 00:54:57.110
THE CHRISTIAN GOD MUST BE
00:54:57.110 --> 00:54:58.130
FALSE OR A WEAK GOD.
00:54:58.130 --> 00:55:00.050
EITHER IT'S A FALSE
00:55:00.050 --> 00:55:01.000
RELIGION OR IT'S A WEAK
00:55:01.000 --> 00:55:01.270
RELIGION.
00:55:01.270 --> 00:55:02.230
EITHER WAY, WE DON'T WANT IT."
00:55:03.270 --> 00:55:06.270
OUT OF THIS, YOU ONLY HAVE TWO
00:55:06.270 --> 00:55:08.040
VOICES REACTING.
00:55:08.040 --> 00:55:10.040
YOU HAVE JEROME THE GREAT
00:55:10.040 --> 00:55:11.100
SCHOLAR OF THE BIBLE, WHO
00:55:11.100 --> 00:55:12.260
CREATED THE VULGATE, THE
00:55:12.260 --> 00:55:14.050
GREAT LATIN TRANSLATION.
00:55:14.050 --> 00:55:15.160
"VULGATE" MEANS "VULGAR."
00:55:15.160 --> 00:55:17.030
IT WAS THE COMMON LANGUAGE
00:55:17.030 --> 00:55:18.060
OF THE PEOPLE, AND HE CAN
00:55:18.060 --> 00:55:20.090
ONLY GIVE THE PLAINTIVE
00:55:20.090 --> 00:55:22.030
CRY, "IF ROME CAN FAIL,
00:55:22.030 --> 00:55:22.210
WHAT CAN SURVIVE?"
00:55:22.210 --> 00:55:23.160
NO OTHER VOICE WOULD SPEAK
00:55:23.160 --> 00:55:25.200
TO IT EXCEPT AUGUSTINE
00:55:25.200 --> 00:55:28.130
WITH WHAT HE CALLED HIS
00:55:28.130 --> 00:55:29.280
GREAT AND ARDUOUS WORK,
00:55:29.280 --> 00:55:31.090
"THE CITY OF GOD,"
00:55:31.090 --> 00:55:32.130
"DE CIVITATE DEI."
00:55:32.170 --> 00:55:35.170
[MUSIC]
00:55:35.170 --> 00:55:36.280
- NARRATOR (AUGUSTINE):
00:55:36.280 --> 00:55:37.240
TWO CITIES HAVE BEEN
00:55:37.240 --> 00:55:38.170
FORMED BY TWO LOVES.
00:55:40.090 --> 00:55:43.090
THE ONE LIFTS UP ITS HEAD
00:55:43.090 --> 00:55:45.080
IN ITS OWN GLORY.
00:55:46.050 --> 00:55:49.050
THE OTHER SAYS TO ITS GOD,
00:55:49.050 --> 00:55:51.050
"THOU ART MY GLORY AND THE
00:55:54.030 --> 00:55:57.030
LIFTER UP OF MINE HEAD."
00:55:58.260 --> 00:56:01.280
[MUSIC]
00:56:01.280 --> 00:56:04.000
- JUSTO: ALL OF EUROPE IS
00:56:29.260 --> 00:56:30.270
COLLAPSING.
00:56:30.270 --> 00:56:32.120
ALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE IS
00:56:32.120 --> 00:56:33.050
COLLAPSING, BEING TAKEN
00:56:33.050 --> 00:56:34.090
OVER AND BY THE PEOPLE
00:56:34.090 --> 00:56:35.270
THAT THE ROMANS CALLED
00:56:35.270 --> 00:56:38.110
"BARBARIANS."
00:56:38.110 --> 00:56:39.190
WHAT AUGUSTINE DOES IS HE SAYS,
00:56:39.190 --> 00:56:40.110
"NO, EVERY HUMAN ORDER IS
00:56:40.110 --> 00:56:41.090
BASED ON SELF-LOVE," AND
00:56:44.130 --> 00:56:47.130
AN ORDER BASED ON
00:56:47.140 --> 00:56:50.140
SELF-LOVE CANNOT ALONE
00:56:50.140 --> 00:56:52.280
SUBSIST.
00:56:54.070 --> 00:56:57.070
[MUSIC]
00:56:58.210 --> 00:57:01.230
- STANLEY: "THE CITY OF
00:57:01.230 --> 00:57:02.110
GOD," OR "CITY OF MAN"
00:57:02.110 --> 00:57:04.250
CAN'T BE IDENTIFIED WITH
00:57:04.250 --> 00:57:05.130
ANY PARTICULAR CONCRETE,
00:57:05.130 --> 00:57:06.070
POLITICAL, CULTURAL
00:57:06.070 --> 00:57:07.170
INSTITUTION, WHETHER IT BE
00:57:07.170 --> 00:57:08.260
THE GOVERNMENT OR THE
00:57:08.260 --> 00:57:09.290
CHURCH.
00:57:09.290 --> 00:57:12.030
IT'S SOMETHING THAT IS
00:57:12.030 --> 00:57:14.050
MUCH MORE TRANSCENDENT.
00:57:14.050 --> 00:57:15.210
[VOCALIZING]
00:57:16.100 --> 00:57:19.100
- STANLEY: "MY LOYALTY
00:57:19.100 --> 00:57:19.280
HAS GOT TO BE TO HEAVEN.
00:57:19.280 --> 00:57:21.130
THAT'S WHERE MY IDENTITY IS.
00:57:21.130 --> 00:57:22.170
THAT'S WHERE MY
00:57:22.170 --> 00:57:23.090
CITIZENSHIP IS.
00:57:23.090 --> 00:57:23.270
I'M A CITIZEN OF THE CITY
00:57:23.270 --> 00:57:24.210
OF GOD."
00:57:24.210 --> 00:57:26.160
[MUSIC]
00:57:26.160 --> 00:57:27.250
[VOCALIZING]
00:57:30.020 --> 00:57:33.020
- DENNIS: THEREFORE, WHEN
00:57:33.020 --> 00:57:33.210
THEY HAD COME TOGETHER,
00:57:33.210 --> 00:57:34.180
THEY ASKED HIM SAYING,
00:57:34.180 --> 00:57:35.190
"WILL YOU AT THIS TIME
00:57:35.190 --> 00:57:36.280
RESTORE THE KINGDOM OF
00:57:36.280 --> 00:57:39.110
ISRAEL?"
00:57:39.110 --> 00:57:40.190
[MUSIC]
00:57:40.190 --> 00:57:41.240
[VOCALIZING]
00:57:55.010 --> 00:57:58.010
- DENNIS: AND HE SAID TO
00:57:58.010 --> 00:57:58.210
THEM, "IT IS NOT FOR YOU
00:57:58.210 --> 00:57:59.090
TO KNOW THE TIMES AND THE
00:57:59.090 --> 00:58:00.100
SEASONS WHICH THE FATHER
00:58:00.100 --> 00:58:01.270
HAS PUT IN HIS OWN
00:58:01.270 --> 00:58:03.040
AUTHORITY."
00:58:03.040 --> 00:58:05.060
[MUSIC]
00:58:05.060 --> 00:58:06.020
[VOCALIZING]
00:58:12.270 --> 00:58:15.270
- DENNIS: "BUT YOU SHALL
00:58:15.270 --> 00:58:16.210
RECEIVE POWER WHEN THE
00:58:16.210 --> 00:58:17.210
HOLY SPIRIT HAS COME UPON
00:58:17.210 --> 00:58:19.030
YOU."
00:58:19.030 --> 00:58:20.160
[MUSIC]
00:58:20.160 --> 00:58:21.220
[VOCALIZING]
00:58:24.190 --> 00:58:27.190
- DENNIS: "AND YOU SHALL
00:58:27.190 --> 00:58:28.110
BE WITNESSES TO ME IN
00:58:28.110 --> 00:58:29.070
JERUSALEM AND ALL OF JUDEA
00:58:29.070 --> 00:58:31.190
AND SAMARIA, AND TO THE
00:58:34.100 --> 00:58:37.100
[MUSIC]
00:58:42.030 --> 00:58:43.060
[VOCALIZING]
00:58:46.180 --> 00:58:49.180
- STANLEY: AUGUSTINE IS
00:58:49.180 --> 00:58:50.060
TOLD THAT THE CITY IS
00:58:50.060 --> 00:58:52.070
BURNING.
00:58:52.070 --> 00:58:54.050
THE BUILDINGS ARE BEING
00:58:54.050 --> 00:58:55.130
DESTROYED.
00:58:56.050 --> 00:58:59.050
[MUSIC]
00:58:59.050 --> 00:59:00.040
[VOCALIZING]
00:59:00.040 --> 00:59:01.090
- STANLEY: AND AUGUSTINE
00:59:01.090 --> 00:59:02.090
SAYS, "WHAT IS THE CITY
00:59:02.090 --> 00:59:03.060
BUT ITS PEOPLE."
00:59:03.060 --> 00:59:05.090
[MUSIC]
00:59:05.090 --> 00:59:07.290
- DENNIS: IN A.D. 430, 20
00:59:08.180 --> 00:59:11.180
YEARS AFTER THE ARIAN
00:59:11.180 --> 00:59:12.130
VISIGOTHS SACKED ROME,
00:59:12.130 --> 00:59:14.000
HIPPO REGIUS FELL TO
00:59:14.000 --> 00:59:14.270
THE ARIAN VANDALS.
00:59:14.270 --> 00:59:15.200
THIS SERIES OF WARS WOULD
00:59:15.200 --> 00:59:17.070
LEAD TO THE FALL OF THE
00:59:17.070 --> 00:59:18.200
WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE AND
00:59:18.200 --> 00:59:19.270
USHER IN WHAT WE NOW CALL
00:59:19.270 --> 00:59:20.160
THE DARK AGES.
00:59:22.080 --> 00:59:25.080
OUR STORY NOW TURNS TOWARD
00:59:25.080 --> 00:59:25.280
EUROPE.
00:59:25.280 --> 00:59:27.240
COULD CHRISTIANITY SURVIVE
00:59:27.240 --> 00:59:28.190
[MUSIC]
00:59:44.100 --> 00:59:47.100

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Part 1: From the Cradle of Christianity

Part 1: From the Cradle of Christianity

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Part 1: From the Cradle of Christianity

Part 1: From the Cradle of Christianity

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